tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12238258487179028502024-03-13T02:21:20.108-07:00Patrick Megaro, Attorney at LawPatrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile: https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/ - https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-26023383129994911922018-10-08T04:46:00.001-07:002018-10-08T05:17:55.984-07:00Patrick Megaro, More than 70,000 people have signed Petition asking for the release of Corvain Cooper, sentenced to life for marijuana offenses <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAsgSgVCuA5Pnm0ZVqvPlfwwNfehsxsK70WdO8Y0ZXy3_SKJNZAamFxOyLXyn6IpnGgYtapA8ZNDQuRwOpdY4wLNS1LwDAgoLBuEyloLp-2DhQ0oabKTcVQu5oOrALyJxiDHDUqwyXpxF7/s1600/Change+dot+org+page+for+Corvain+Cooper+%2528Attorney+Patrick+Megaro%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="1388" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAsgSgVCuA5Pnm0ZVqvPlfwwNfehsxsK70WdO8Y0ZXy3_SKJNZAamFxOyLXyn6IpnGgYtapA8ZNDQuRwOpdY4wLNS1LwDAgoLBuEyloLp-2DhQ0oabKTcVQu5oOrALyJxiDHDUqwyXpxF7/s320/Change+dot+org+page+for+Corvain+Cooper+%2528Attorney+Patrick+Megaro%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">More than 70,000 people have signed Petition asking for the release of
Corvain Cooper, sentenced to life for marijuana offenses </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Petition for
review pending before U.S. Supreme Court, questions fairness of mandatory life
sentences for non-violent marijuana offenders</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">More than 70,000 people (as of October 8, 2018) have signed
a petition requesting that Corvain Cooper be released from prison. He has been
sentenced to life in prison for non-violent marijuana offenses under the “Three
Strikes” law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Currently, the U.S. Supreme Court is considering whether to
hear Cooper’s appeal (the procedure is called “grant a writ of certiorari”).
The petition was filed by his attorney Patrick M. Megaro, who is doing all the
work <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pro bono</i> (as service to the
community). The procedure before the Court is that the petition is being
distributed and reviewed among the Supreme Court Justices. E<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ach of the Justices of the Supreme Court
receives a copy of the petition. The Justices will then decide whether to grant
the petition and agree to hear the appeal, or not.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Many people support Corvain Cooper. His lawyer Patrick
Megaro created a petition that over 70,000 people have signed. See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana">https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Megaro has
simultaneously petitioned President Donald Trump for executive clemency and
commutation of his sentence of life imprisonment without parole.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Megaro
explains: “This is a particular disturbing case, and I felt compelled to help
Cooper and his family. He has two little daughters who miss him dearly. This
case has broader implications, it is estimated that there are about 2,000
people … men and women, fathers and mothers, in prison for life for non-violent
drug offenses, oftentimes involving very small amounts of such substances. This
punishment does not fit the crime. Marijuana is now legalized, decriminalized,
or approved for medicinal use in one form or another in the majority of States.
Fundamental fairness is at the heart of this case.”</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The background is as follows. Corvain Cooper
was charged in the United States District Court for the Western District of
North Carolina with conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to
distribute 1,000 kilograms or more of marijuana, and conspiracy to commit money
laundering and structuring transactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A special information was also filed against Cooper, alleging two prior
felony convictions for possession of drugs (one for marijuana, one for codeine
cough syrup) in the California state courts. The filing triggered a mandatory
life sentence without parole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason
for the unusually harsh sentence is the so-called “Three Strikes” law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">These <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">laws</span></a></span></span> require a person guilty
of committing a drug <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">felony</span></a></span></span> and two other previous drug felony
convictions to serve a mandatory <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sentence" title="Life sentence"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">life sentence</span></a></span></span> in <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">prison</span></a></span></span>.</span> T<span style="background: white;">he
</span>“Three Strikes” law <span style="background: white;">significantly
increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">felony</span></a></span></span> who have been
previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or drug felonies, and limits
the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">life sentence</span></a></span></span>.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Cooper tried
appealing his conviction and sentence, arguing that the sentence of life for
non-violent crimes was against his Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the
United States Constitution which prohibits the federal government from imposing
excessive bail, excessive fines, or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cruel
and unusual punishments</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The United
States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the case.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The State of California enacted Proposition
47 in 2014, which re-categorized several non-violent offenses as misdemeanors.
Prior to enacting Proposition 47, possession of marijuana was considered a
felony. This also allowed people who had prior felony convictions under the old
statute to vacate them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Proposition 64 (the Adult Use of Marijuana
Act) was enacted on November 9, 2016, by the State of California which
legalized the use of recreational marijuana. This Act permitted certain people
who had been convicted of marijuana felony offenses to apply to vacate those
convictions and reclassify them as misdemeanors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“I have
been representing Mr. Cooper and I have said from day one that I am in this
fight to help Corvain Cooper no matter how long it takes,” comments his attorney
Patrick Megaro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About the Corvain
Cooper Case</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">According to a
press release of the U.S. Attorney’s Office, “<span style="background: white;">from
in or about 2004 through January 2013, Cooper was involved in a drug conspiracy
that trafficked marijuana from California to the Charlotte area. Court records
show that Cooper was charged with conspiracy to distribute and to possess with
intent to distribute at least one thousand kilograms of marijuana as well as
money laundering conspiracy and structuring financial transactions through banking
institutions to avoid IRS reporting requirements. Cooper, along with two
co-defendants, Evelyn LaChapelle and Natalia Wade, were convicted of all
charges on October 18, 2013, following a three-day trial.” He was sentenced to
life in prison on June 18, 2014. See
<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/california-drug-trafficker-sentenced-life-prison-drug-conspiracy-and-related-charges">https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/california-drug-trafficker-sentenced-life-prison-drug-conspiracy-and-related-charges</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">A link to the online Supreme
Court docket can be found at </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/DocketFiles/html/Public/18-5222.html"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/DocketFiles/html/Public/18-5222.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The petition is at <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/18/18-5222/52544/20180706170004149_Petition%20for%20Writ%20of%20Certiorari%20and%20Appendix%20FINAL%20PDFA.pdf">https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/18/18-5222/52544/20180706170004149_Petition%20for%20Writ%20of%20Certiorari%20and%20Appendix%20FINAL%20PDFA.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Join the other supporters of Corvain Cooper who have signed
the petition at:</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana</span></a></div>
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**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. See https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/ - Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9">https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9</a> - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-68237107650482249922018-10-08T04:44:00.003-07:002018-10-08T04:44:28.613-07:00Patrick Megaro, How to Preserve Error at Trial – An Appellate Lawyer’s Viewpoint — PART 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UAXhCB6yaRo113ddJhYX-zrYvPdJ-42VphbxG4PphHKyMYSKRcrZgUzEVFrygYGdD5_sF6IGKzZge9-5iMKZbrQJmjgsMDbOw2VBiIVOWUSfI0nv-0u2ttMe7iEvy130iCwetKWR_16F/s1600/Blog+of+Orlando+Criminal+Defense+Lawyer+John+Guidry+%2528Patrick+Megaro%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="885" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UAXhCB6yaRo113ddJhYX-zrYvPdJ-42VphbxG4PphHKyMYSKRcrZgUzEVFrygYGdD5_sF6IGKzZge9-5iMKZbrQJmjgsMDbOw2VBiIVOWUSfI0nv-0u2ttMe7iEvy130iCwetKWR_16F/s320/Blog+of+Orlando+Criminal+Defense+Lawyer+John+Guidry+%2528Patrick+Megaro%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">How to Preserve
Error at Trial – An Appellate Lawyer’s Viewpoint — PART 2</span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">by Patrick Megaro,
Esquire</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>This article was originally published at <a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/how-to-preserve-error-at-trial-an-appellate-lawyers-viewpoint-part-2/#more-1766" target="_blank">https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/how-to-preserve-error-at-trial-an-appellate-lawyers-viewpoint-part-2/#more-1766 </a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Sometimes in
life, you have to speak up. Yes, that’s what you pay an attorney
for. But no, it doesn’t always work the way it should. And
unfortunately, if your attorney doesn’t object when he/she should have–this
will create all sorts of problems later.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">The good news is,
we have appellate attorneys like Patrick Megaro. He solves the problems
created by all the things that go wrong during a criminal trial. And yes,
lots can go wrong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Enjoy Part 2 of
Patrick Megaro’s warning to we defense attorneys, he’s going to remind us how
to keep a criminal jury trial clean enough to reverse the conviction on
appeal–should things come to that. I published Part 1 of his
article a few weeks ago, it deals with pretrial motion issues and voir dire.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Look, I know that
you attorneys out there think you know everything–but you don’t. Quit
being so cocky. You can’t learn anything if you think you know
everything.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Read this.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Patrick Michael
Megaro is a criminal appellate and post-conviction relief attorney, who
practices in New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, and
Washington State, and numerous Federal courts. A native of New York, he
started his legal career with The Legal Aid Society, Criminal Defense Division
in New York City as an institutional public defender before going into private
practice. As an attorney, he has tried over 50 cases to verdict in various
State and Federal courts, and has handled thousands of appeals and
post-conviction relief petitions. He is a partner in the Orlando-based
firm Halscott Megaro, P.A. and Appeals Law Group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Opening Arguments
and Summation</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">To preserve for
appellate review an issue relating to an alleged improper comment, a party must
object to the comment when it is made and obtain a ruling on the
objection. If a party objects to the comment, but fails to secure a
ruling from the trial judge, the issue is waived unless the judge deliberately
and patently refuses to rule on the objection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">If the trial
judge sustains the objection, the objecting party must make a timely request
for a curative instruction or a motion for mistrial to preserve the issue for
appellate review. The motion for mistrial must be made before the jury retires
to deliberate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Motion for a
Judgment of Acquittal</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">“The defense
moves for a judgment of acquittal because the State has failed to make a prima
facie case” is INSUFFICIENT to preserve a sufficiency issue for appeal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Consider the
following:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">That said, when a
motion for judgment of acquittal is well taken, I have never understood why an
attorney’s failure to make a sufficient motion for judgment of acquittal is not
ineffective assistance on the face of the record. Even a marginally prepared
attorney should know the elements of the offense for which a client is on
trial. That marginally prepared lawyer ought to be expected to listen to the
evidence closely enough to know whether the State failed to prove an essential
element of the offense. There rarely, if ever, is a tactical reason for a
lawyer not to move for a judgment of acquittal when the client is entitled to
be acquitted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Stoddard v.
State, 185 So.3d 696, 697 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016 )(Altenbrand, concurring)</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">A motion for a
judgment of acquittal has to be made at the close of the State’s evidence, and
AGAIN at the close of ALL evidence, even if the defense does not put on a case,
in order to properly preserve the issue.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Of course, you
should identify the specific elements which are lacking evidence, and be
prepared with caselaw and to argue the trial record why the evidence was
insufficient.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Jury Instructions</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Jury instructions
typically are discussed with the court prior to the court’s final instruction
to the jury at a charge conference. This is the defendant’s opportunity
to propose instructions, make objections to instructions, and request specific
instructions to address issues that pertain to the trial.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">However, the
objection MUST BE MADE AGAIN after the court delivers the instruction to the
jury and BEFORE the jury retires to deliberate. When the court reads the
instructions to the jury, request a sidebar ON THE RECORD and repeat the
objections made earlier. If you do not, the issue is waived for appeal.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Sentencing</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">In order to
preserve a sentencing argument, the objection must be made BEFORE and AFTER
sentence is imposed. We have learned the hard way that relying on a judge
who says “your exception is noted” is insufficient to preserve a sentencing
error. Whatever objections to make to the Pre-Sentence Report, the
Sentencing Scoresheet, or anything else must also be made AGAIN after the court
formally pronounces sentence or else it is waived.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">DO NOT RELY ON
FUNDAMENTAL ERROR</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">We have all tried
cases that we knew would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to
win. It is easy to look at a seemingly hopeless situation and forget to
properly preserve issues for appeal. However, I can tell you that I have
had more than my fair share of cases that were “dead losers” at trial but came
back on appeal because the court or the prosecutor thought that because there
was overwhelming evidence of guilt, they could be free to take shortcuts.
In those cases, the preservation of error for appellate review was the trial
attorney’s greatest accomplishment.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Without proper
preservation, appellate lawyers have to argue fundamental error, which is
almost impossible. Florida courts and Federal courts rarely, if ever,
reverse on fundamental error. This is why proper preservation is
extremely important.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">For the close
case, appellate courts are more likely to reverse if an issue was properly
preserved.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">For the cases
that felt like trial was a “suicide run,” this is all the hope the client has.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">For more practice
tips visit Halscott Megaro at</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<a href="https://www.appealslawgroup.com/blog/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">https://www.appealslawgroup.com/blog/</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">or find us on
Facebook at</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/appealslawgroup/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">https://www.facebook.com/appealslawgroup/</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/NewYorkWeeklyRoundup/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">https://www.facebook.com/NewYorkWeeklyRoundup/</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/New-Jersey-Weekly-Roundup-Criminal-Appeals-808602875931084/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">https://www.facebook.com/New-Jersey-Weekly-Roundup-Criminal-Appeals-808602875931084/</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><div class="MsoPlainText">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/halscottassociates/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">https://www.facebook.com/halscottassociates/</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. See https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/ - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9 - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a></span>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-19868946617783749412018-09-16T18:05:00.000-07:002018-09-16T18:05:57.182-07:00“The Megaro Criminal Law Library,” a public service of Criminal Defense Lawyer Patrick Megaro, now updated with recent articles and videos <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72j41WoPDoAud8GHVU5bgsUmGfp83YND7xFcVLS9_41_J1YeLF2MdPQnfONYfqIwJruVglrJYGFnKzzRMkZNRZFR8GqoO3RSIyI6RfQibDyhcefc32o-I_Z0OrzWS6pd2GNhYO2NTbWUW/s1600/The+Megaro+Criminal+Law+Library%252C+Website.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1409" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72j41WoPDoAud8GHVU5bgsUmGfp83YND7xFcVLS9_41_J1YeLF2MdPQnfONYfqIwJruVglrJYGFnKzzRMkZNRZFR8GqoO3RSIyI6RfQibDyhcefc32o-I_Z0OrzWS6pd2GNhYO2NTbWUW/s320/The+Megaro+Criminal+Law+Library%252C+Website.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“The Megaro Criminal Law Library,” a public service of
Criminal Defense Lawyer Patrick Megaro, now updated with recent articles and
videos </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“The Megaro Criminal Law Library” is available
online. Recently, the library has been updated with articles and videos,
including an instructional series.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“The Megaro Criminal Law Library” is a public
service created by criminal defense lawyer Patrick Megaro. Mr. Megaro is a
Criminal Defense Attorney with offices in Orlando, Florida. The library
contains all of Mr. Megaro’s Criminal Law articles and videos. There is also a
“search” feature that allows users to search the videos and articles by
keyword. The Library is organized by different sections, Videos, Articles, News
and an Archive. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick Megaro is providing all this
information as a public service, free of charge. “I have focused on this area
of law for more than 20 years, and at this stage in my life and experience, I
would like to share with the public, law students, and my peers all the
knowledge I have acquired. I sincerely hope that some of my esteemed colleagues
in the profession will find the materials useful for their own law practice.” Mr.
Megaro explains the idea of the Library. He started out with a Blog with his
written articles and commentary, but eventually it became too unwieldy and
difficult to search. He therefore decided to organize all of the information
more efficiently, and use an index service so that users can search the
information by keyword.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The newest addition to the Library is Mr.
Megaro’s “instructional series.” </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In his first article in his instructional
series, veteran criminal defense attorney Patrick Michael Megaro comments on
Martin v. State, an appellate decision from the Second District Court of Appeal
of Florida, dealing with recent changes to Florida’s self-defense laws. Florida
legislature’s amendment to section 776.032 marks an important shift in self-defense
laws in the state of Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the
Martin court explained “[t]he Florida Legislature's amendment to section
776.032 added the following provision: (4) In a criminal prosecution, once a
prima facie claim of self-defense immunity from criminal prosecution has been
raised by the defendant at a pretrial immunity hearing, the burden of proof by
clear and convincing evidence is on the party seeking to overcome the immunity
from criminal prosecution provided in subsection (1).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Martin court went on to explain that “as
it now stands, the State bears the burden of disproving, by clear and
convincing evidence, a facially sufficient claim of self-defense immunity in a
criminal prosecution.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This is obviously a very important change in criminal
cases involving self-defense claims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Before the amendment, criminal defendants in Florida who wished to
assert self-defense had the burden of proof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was the defendant that had to convince the jury that their actions
were justified due to self-defense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After the amendment, the defendant only has to present a facially
sufficient claim of self-defense, a very low bar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The burden of proof now rests on the
prosecution to show that there was no justification for self-defense, and the
burden is by clear and convincing evidence, one step below beyond reasonable
doubt, but still a very significant hurdle.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Court went on to address whether the amendment
applies only to cases going forward or retroactively to all existing criminal
cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Statutory amendments may take
one of three forms: substantive, which are usually applied prospectively, or
procedural or remedial, either of which may apply retroactively to pending
proceedings”, the Martin court explained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The court discussed that “[i]n the context of criminal cases
specifically, ‘substantive law is that which declares what acts are crimes and
prescribes the punishment therefor, while procedural law is that which provides
or regulates the steps by which one who violates a criminal statute is
punished.’”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Finally, the court noted that “[i]n Florida, statutory
changes to the burden of proof—the change at issue here—are invariably deemed
procedural in nature for purposes of retroactive application.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, “[s]ubsection (4) now ascribes to
the State what had, under common law precedent, been the defendant's burden of
proof. That is not a substantive change. Neither the substantive rights of a
successful claim of immunity nor the necessary elements of proof to establish a
claim of immunity were altered by the June 9, 2017, amendment.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the amended standard of proof in self-defense
cases applies not only to future cases, but also to existing cases and even
those cases under appeal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case is
Martin v. State, Case No. 2D16-4468, (Fla. Dist. Ct. App., 2<sup>nd</sup>
District, May 4, 2018).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The article will be published in full in The Megaro
Criminal Law Library at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/">https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/</a></span>
and on the Blog of Mr. Megaro, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/">https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6nuDtO0UyMinyLkgrWNjV3NDJe2Vf1MMPnj6dkS2UrPdCbWZh94zOXxLDIHZkpg2CXQfE_elWpRluEbgQbQzsVmY9ccQtowYSUPTpQedS5T4QJOFWixvaj-O0f2rF0ltxEhdd3fUtQ-H/s1600/Video+of+Attorney+Patrick+Megaro%252C+Florida.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="1358" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6nuDtO0UyMinyLkgrWNjV3NDJe2Vf1MMPnj6dkS2UrPdCbWZh94zOXxLDIHZkpg2CXQfE_elWpRluEbgQbQzsVmY9ccQtowYSUPTpQedS5T4QJOFWixvaj-O0f2rF0ltxEhdd3fUtQ-H/s320/Video+of+Attorney+Patrick+Megaro%252C+Florida.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. See <a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/">https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/</a> - Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9">https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9</a> - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comFlorida, USA27.6648274 -81.51575350000001720.4803059 -91.842902000000009 34.8493489 -71.188605000000024tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-85755538351349746932018-09-13T13:02:00.000-07:002018-09-13T13:04:28.238-07:00Patrick Megaro, Experienced Criminal Defense Attorney publishes his first article in his series of Instructional Articles, the first one on recent changes to Florida’s self-defense laws<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Experienced Criminal Defense Attorney
publishes his first article in his series of Instructional Articles, the first
one on recent changes to Florida’s self-defense laws</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In his first article in his
instructional series, veteran criminal defense attorney Patrick Michael Megaro
comments on Martin v. State, an appellate decision from the Second District
Court of Appeal of Florida, dealing with recent changes to Florida’s self
defense laws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Florida legislature’s amendment to section
776.032 marks an important shift in self defense laws in the state of
Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Martin court explained
“[t]he Florida Legislature's amendment to section 776.032 added the following
provision: (4) In a criminal prosecution, once a prima facie claim of self defense
immunity from criminal prosecution has been raised by the defendant at a
pretrial immunity hearing, the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence
is on the party seeking to overcome the immunity from criminal prosecution
provided in subsection (1).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Martin
court went on to explain that “as it now stands, the State bears the burden of
disproving, by clear and convincing evidence, a facially sufficient claim of
self-defense immunity in a criminal prosecution.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is obviously a very important
change in criminal cases involving self defense claims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before the amendment, criminal defendants in
Florida who wished to assert self defense had the burden of proof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the defendant that had to convince the
jury that their actions were justified due to self defense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the amendment, the defendant only has
to present a facially sufficient claim of self defense, a very low bar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The burden of proof now rests on the
prosecution to show that there was no justification for self defense, and the
burden is by clear and convincing evidence, one step below beyond reasonable
doubt, but still a very significant hurdle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Martin case went on to address
whether the amendment applies only to cases going forward or retroactively to
all existing criminal cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Statutory
amendments may take one of three forms: substantive, which are usually applied
prospectively, or procedural or remedial, either of which may apply
retroactively to pending proceedings”, the Martin court explained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The court discussed that “[i]n the context of
criminal cases specifically, ‘substantive law is that which declares what acts
are crimes and prescribes the punishment therefor, while procedural law is that
which provides or regulates the steps by which one who violates a criminal
statute is punished.’”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Martin court noted that “[i]n Florida, statutory changes to
the burden of proof—the change at issue here—are invariably deemed procedural
in nature for purposes of retroactive application.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, “[s]ubsection (4) now ascribes to
the State what had, under common law precedent, been the defendant's burden of
proof. That is not a substantive change. Neither the substantive rights of a
successful claim of immunity nor the necessary elements of proof to establish a
claim of immunity were altered by the June 9, 2017, amendment.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the amended standard of proof in self
defense cases applies not only to future cases, but also to existing cases and
even those cases under appeal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case
is Martin v. State, Case No. 2D16-4468, (Fla. Dist. Ct. App., 2<sup>nd</sup>
District, May 4, 2018), available at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5709431534236501779&q=martin+v+state+&hl=en&as_sdt=4,10&as_ylo=2017">https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5709431534236501779&q=martin+v+state+&hl=en&as_sdt=4,10&as_ylo=2017</a></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The article
will be published in full on the Blog of Mr. Megaro, <a href="https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/">https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It will also be published in The Megaro Criminal Law Library at <a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/">https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/</a> </span></div>
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<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9">https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9</a> - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-63477155377950682702018-09-11T05:06:00.000-07:002018-09-13T12:59:12.017-07:00As a public service, Criminal Lawyer Patrick Megaro sets up “The Megaro Criminal Law Library” with all his articles and videos <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyVNjJrrkjzl2stg8s7sWsKtvGF3tmkU9SyLpa-Ajzd-fxiouQPlRcrqEJwfp-wvJ02SL-gI0tlSgzwQD4clXerf6F5qASwnRSD7ihW2XfZmweyTil16BL1rTpAPLxeU9_rmXlLWnNjn71/s1600/The+Megaro+Criminal+Law+Library%252C+Website.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1409" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyVNjJrrkjzl2stg8s7sWsKtvGF3tmkU9SyLpa-Ajzd-fxiouQPlRcrqEJwfp-wvJ02SL-gI0tlSgzwQD4clXerf6F5qASwnRSD7ihW2XfZmweyTil16BL1rTpAPLxeU9_rmXlLWnNjn71/s320/The+Megaro+Criminal+Law+Library%252C+Website.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">As a public service, Criminal Lawyer Patrick Megaro sets up “The Megaro Criminal
Law Library” with all his articles and videos </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick Megaro, a respected Criminal Lawyer
based in Orlando, Florida, announced today that “The Megaro Criminal Law Library”
is now available online. The library is a public service and contains all of
Mr. Megaro’s Criminal law articles and videos. In addition, there is a “search”
feature that allows users to search the videos and articles by keyword.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Megaro explains that he started out with
a Blog with his written articles and commentary, but eventually, “with the
growth of the content, it became too unwieldy and difficult to search. I thus
decided to organize all of the information more efficiently, and use an index
service so that users can search the Library by keyword.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Megaro is providing all this information
as a public service, free of charge. “I have focused on this area of law for more
than 20 years, and at this stage in my life and experience, I would like to
share with the public, law students, and my peers all the knowledge I have
acquired. I sincerely hope that some of my esteemed colleagues in the
profession will find the materials useful for their own law practice.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Library is organized by different
sections, Videos, Articles, News and an Archive. The most recent featured
article of Mr. Megaro is about “<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/how-to-preserve-error-at-trial-in-florida-an-appellate-lawyers-practice-tips-part-1/" title="Permalink to How to Preserve Error At Trial in Florida: An Appellate Lawyer’s Practice Tips (PART 1)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">How to Preserve Error At Trial in
Florida: An Appellate Lawyer’s Practice Tips (PART 1)</span></a>.</span></span>”
In that article, Mr. Megaro addresses the problem when an error at trial is not
properly preserved for appeal. In legalese, that is something like <span style="background: white;">“This issue before us was not properly preserved for
appellate review and is therefore not now cognizable. Affirmed.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Megaro explains that “appellate lawyers
cringe when we see these words written, especially in our own case
decisions. This means that no matter how brilliant the trial attorney
was, they did not make a specific, timely objection at the trial level, which
has effectively waived their client’s right to appeal that issue.” </span>The
law requires that any error during trial be properly preserved. Thus, a lawyer
must be specific with the objection so as to inform the trial court of the
perceived error.” State v. Garza, 118 So.3d 856 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).
It means that the attorney must spell out WHY he or she objects (be it in a
motion, a post-hearing memorandum of law, a written notice of objection, or an
argument on the record at the appropriate time why something is legally
erroneous). Further, such objection must be SPECIFIC. Finally, the objection
must be TIMELY and CONTEMPORANEOUS. This means that the attorney must
immediately object when something is coming into evidence – sometimes before
and after.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Megaro Criminal Law Library is available
to the public, free of charge, </span><a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">https://TheMegaroCriminalLawLibrary.com</span></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About Patrick Megaro</span></b></div>
<b>
</b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick Michael Megaro is an attorney at
Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense,
criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights
litigation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Website:
<a href="https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/">https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Megaro Criminal Law Library:
<a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/">https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Linkedin Profile:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Profile:
<a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<br />
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9 - Attorney Profile: https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-53642158693672481772018-09-11T05:00:00.000-07:002018-09-11T05:00:30.163-07:00Patrick Megaro: The Orange County Register publishes analytical Expose about Corvain Cooper who has been sentenced to life for non-violent marijuana offenses <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk518914695"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Orange County Register
publishes analytical Expose about Corvain Cooper who has been sentenced to life
for non-violent marijuana offenses </span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAWv1uRnnvLrJqWax1tWyaOzbfkSWx6e5O7AQXNer6IoNiCxuKa-Hlt-HWBzvfhTc-xXo9SCJgczITDB6StSsFk7K0Q9E7GThAG7ahcPNqjVK-cNnDn3C60bG-YKU9l3IXsGhUhvOau9Ea/s1600/Corvain+Cooper%252C+for+whom+Patrick+Megaro+is+petitioning+Clemency+Petition.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAWv1uRnnvLrJqWax1tWyaOzbfkSWx6e5O7AQXNer6IoNiCxuKa-Hlt-HWBzvfhTc-xXo9SCJgczITDB6StSsFk7K0Q9E7GThAG7ahcPNqjVK-cNnDn3C60bG-YKU9l3IXsGhUhvOau9Ea/s1600/Corvain+Cooper%252C+for+whom+Patrick+Megaro+is+petitioning+Clemency+Petition.png" /></a></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Orange
County, California (September 2018) – On September 10, 2018, The Orange County
Register published a detailed analysis of the case of Corvain Cooper, whose
only hope to ever get released from prison is a clemency grant by President
Trump or a review by the U.S. Supreme Court. While such dire prospects would
indicate that the most violent crimes are involved, Cooper’s offenses are non-violent
marijuana offenses. But he had two prior offenses, which resulted in the
application of the “three strikes law.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
Orange County Register article was researched and written by journalist Brooke
Edwards Staggs, who is a general assignment reporter with a focus on covering
the politics, business, health and culture of cannabis. For this article,
Staggs interviewed the mother of Corvain Cooper, other family members, and
Cooper’s attorney, Orlando-based Criminal Defense Lawyer Patrick Megaro. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Patrick Megaro has represented Cooper pro bono
since 2014. Megaro has ceaselessly pursued justice for Cooper, but now it is
down to two options – President Trump or the U.S. Supreme Court.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The article quotes
Megaro: “I’m just hoping that somebody, somewhere — whether that’s in the White
House or across the street at the Supreme Court — sees that this particular
sentence is complete madness.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The article then
summarizes the appeals that Patrick Megaro has initiated on Cooper’s behalf:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">“Megaro appealed
Cooper’s case to the U.S. Supreme Court, but in 2016 the justices declined to
hear it. Still, two decisions made by California voters while Cooper has been
in prison serve to give Megaro and Cooper hope. First, in 2014, voters approved
Proposition 47, reducing many drug crimes to misdemeanors. Under that new law,
Cooper’s conviction for possession of cough syrup with codeine was downgraded
from a felony to a misdemeanor. Then, in November 2016, voters approved
Proposition 64. In addition to legalizing the recreational use of cannabis, the
measure <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2016/11/07/if-prop-64-passes-what-happens-to-prisoners-convicted-of-marijuana-charges/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">reduced or eliminated nearly every marijuana-related crime</span></a>.
And in May 2017, Cooper’s felony marijuana charge from 2009 was reduced to a
misdemeanor. Earlier this year, Megaro went back to federal appeals court in
North Carolina and explained that Cooper’s two prior felonies were no longer
strikes. But they refused to reconsider his sentence. In July, Megaro filed a
new <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/18/18-5222/52544/20180706170004149_Petition%20for%20Writ%20of%20Certiorari%20and%20Appendix%20FINAL%20PDFA.pdf"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">petition</span></a> with the Supreme Court. And, last month, they got one
bit of potentially encouraging news, when Solicitor General Noel Francisco
requested more time to submit the government’s response to Cooper’s petition. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">… <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">As they wait to hear back from the
Supreme Court, Megaro is also appealing Cooper’s case to the White House — for
the second time.”</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It all began when Corvain Cooper was charged
in the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
with conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to distribute 1,000
kilograms or more of marijuana, and conspiracy to commit money laundering and
structuring transactions. A special information was also filed against Cooper,
alleging two prior felony convictions for possession of drugs (one for
marijuana, one for codeine cough syrup) in the California state courts. The
filing triggered a mandatory life sentence without parole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason for the unusually harsh sentence
is the so-called “Three Strikes” law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">These <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">laws</span></a></span></span> require
a person guilty of committing a drug <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">felony</span></a></span></span> and
two other previous drug felony convictions to serve a mandatory <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sentence" title="Life sentence"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">life
sentence</span></a></span></span> in <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">prison</span></a></span></span>.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<span style="background: white;">he </span>“Three
Strikes” law <span style="background: white;">significantly increases the prison
sentences of persons convicted of a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">felony</span></a></span></span> who
have been previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or drug felonies,
and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than
a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">life sentence</span></a></span></span>.</span></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></h1>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Background</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The underlying
court cases are United States v. Cooper, 624 Fed.Appx. 819 (4th Cir. 2015), and
United States v. Cooper, 714 Fed.Appx. 259 (4th Cir. 2018). According to a
press release of the U.S. Attorney’s Office, “<span style="background: white;">from
in or about 2004 through January 2013, Cooper was involved in a drug conspiracy
that trafficked marijuana from California to the Charlotte area. Court records
show that Cooper was charged with conspiracy to distribute and to possess with
intent to distribute at least one thousand kilograms of marijuana as well as
money laundering conspiracy and structuring financial transactions through
banking institutions to avoid IRS reporting requirements. Cooper, along with
two co-defendants, Evelyn LaChapelle and Natalia Wade, were convicted of all
charges on October 18, 2013, following a three-day trial.” He was sentenced to
life in prison on June 18, 2014. See </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/california-drug-trafficker-sentenced-life-prison-drug-conspiracy-and-related-charges">https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/california-drug-trafficker-sentenced-life-prison-drug-conspiracy-and-related-charges</a></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Orange
County Register article is available online at <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/10/this-man-will-spend-life-in-prison-for-a-marijuana-conviction-unless-donald-trump-or-the-supreme-court-helps-him/"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/10/this-man-will-spend-life-in-prison-for-a-marijuana-conviction-unless-donald-trump-or-the-supreme-court-helps-him/</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; text-transform: uppercase;">A </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wikipedia article on</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Three-Strikes
Law is at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-strikes_law"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-strikes_law</span></a></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;">A online petition urging the President
to grant Corvain Cooper clemency and release him from prison is at </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana">https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-marijuana</a></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></h1>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">About Patrick Megaro</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Patrick Michael Megaro is an attorney at
Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense,
criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights
litigation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Website:
<a href="https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/">https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Megaro Criminal Law Library:
<a href="https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/">https://themegarocriminallawlibrary.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Linkedin Profile:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Attorney Profile:
<a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a></span></div>
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**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9">https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9</a> - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-76297969657419953032018-09-08T06:39:00.000-07:002018-09-08T06:40:27.563-07:00Writing Competition in Honor of the late Defense Attorney Deron Castro - Submission Deadline Extended to September 15<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; margin: 0px;">Writing Competition in Honor of the late
Defense Attorney Deron Castro - Submission Deadline Extended to September 15</span></b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">If you have questions, please
contact us:</span><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">Patrick Megaro, Criminal Defense
Attorney</span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">Halscott Megaro PA </span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">1300 N Semoran Blvd #195, </span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">Orlando, FL 32807</span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">Phone: 407-255-2165</span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px;">Toll-Free: 888-798-3507</span><span style="font-family: "consolas"; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">info@appealslawgroup.com</a></span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 10.66px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Link to the Press Release: <span style="margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.einpresswire.com/shareable-preview/BUQg8UNISnBVW8aaF1Z0uQ"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.einpresswire.com/shareable-preview/BUQg8UNISnBVW8aaF1Z0uQ</span></a></span></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">Patrick Megaro announces
that the submission deadline has been extended to September 15 to give students
returning for the Fall Term an opportunity</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 10.66px;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">ORLANDO, FLORIDA, UNITED STATES, August 29, 2018 /</span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.einpresswire.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">EINPresswire.com</span></a></span></u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">/ --
Submission Deadline extended to September 15! </span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">Criminal Defense Attorney</span></a></span></u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"> Deron
Castro departed this Earth too soon and too suddenly in late July 2018. He will
not be forgotten by his family, his children, his colleagues whose respect he
earned, and his many grateful clients whom he served in over 24 years of his
law practice. He sought justice for many unjustly accused. He took more than 90
criminal cases to trial, winning the vast majority of them.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Only days earlier, in early July 2018, Deron had
a major win in the Queen’s County Supreme Court when the judge agreed to throw
out evidence against the defendant in a murder case after a pre-trial hearing.
The District Attorney sought to introduce statements of the defendant made during
an interrogation by homicide detectives. After carefully cross-examining the
detective at the hearing, Castro was able to persuade the judge to suppress the
evidence by citing past cases where similar evidence was tossed out. It is
quite unusual for a judge to suppress a defendant's own statements, let alone
to have them suppressed in a murder case. Few attorneys could accomplish such a
feat in court. Deron was one of them.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">In his honor, </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.behance.net/patrickmeg0f61" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">Halscott Megaro</span></a></span></u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">, P.A.
will be hosting its Annual Essay Writing Competition, which is open to all
current full-time and part-time enrolled students in an ABA accredited law
school. One winner will be selected and will receive a $1000.00 scholarship
award from the Deron Castro Memorial Scholarship.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Deron Castro, Esq. was a personal friend and
colleague of Patrick Michael Megaro. Mr. Castro started his career at The Legal
Aid Society, Criminal Defense Division, in Queens, New York as a public
defender before going into private practice. Mr. Castro and Mr. Megaro also
later cooperated criminal cases, such as the successful appeal in People v.
Small (2011), see </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ny-supreme-court/1565846.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ny-supreme-court/1565846.html</span></a></span></u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Mr. Castro was well-known and respected as one
of the most successful and skilled criminal defense attorneys, securing
acquittal after acquittal for his clients. A fearless advocate, he provided
nothing but the highest caliber of representation to his loyal and dedicated
clientele.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">States Mr. Megaro, “If I or anyone in my family
was charged with a crime, I would have hired Deron Castro. He was hands down
one of the best trial attorneys in New York and in the country. Castro won with
his skill, preparation, and fighting spirit. He was highly respected by other
criminal defense lawyers and feared by prosecutors.”</span><br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Outside of the courtroom, Deron Castro was a
loving and devoted father of three and caring husband. Always involved in his
children’s activities, one could find Mr. Castro running from basketball
practice to dance recitals at night and on the weekends. He was known for his
kindness, generosity, and perpetual positive attitude which impacted all those
around him.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">This Scholarship is dedicated to the memory of
one of the great lawyers in New York City, and the United States, to ever grace
a courtroom with his presence.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Eligibility:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">The scholarship is open to all current full-time
and part-time matriculated students in an ABA accredited law school.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">How to Apply:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">For applying the essay contest, the candidates
must write a 1000 word or fewer essay on the following topic:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">What makes the difference between a good and a
great criminal defense attorney?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Deron certainly was one of those great
attorneys, but what exactly makes a criminal attorney “great”? Here is a
starting point. One criminal defenses attorney suggests that four qualities are
necessary to be at least “good”: “[1] The single most important thing a
criminal defense lawyer can do is over-investigate their case. It is the
probably the biggest single difference in lawyers, how much independent
investigation they do. …. [2] Everyone knows that criminal defense lawyers must
be strong negotiators. … There are really only two factors that should be
considered in negotiation: what does this person deserve and what is the
likelihood of conviction if the case proceeds to trial (what is the strength of
the case). … [3] Third, provide a technical legal defense. This is the kind of
thing you learn in law books. Read the discovery. Read the law. Reread the
discovery. Reread the law. There is usually something to argue about. … [4] In
my opinion, the toughest skill, is being able to win at trial. Not many lawyers
will take tough cases to trial. …” Robert King, “What makes a good criminal
lawyer?”, see </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.robertkinglawfirm.com/blog/2017/may/what-makes-a-good-criminal-lawyer-/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://www.robertkinglawfirm.com/blog/2017/may/what-makes-a-good-criminal-lawyer-/</span></a></span></u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"> (2017)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Submission Details:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Your essay must be submitted via email to
info@appealslawgroup.com and must be in Word or PDF format. In the alternative,
applicants may submit a 5-minute or less video essay. The video must be a closeup
of the applicant, giving their essay as a lecture or speech, addressing the
camera directly and must have a green screen in the background. Editing is
permitted.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">The essay must be submitted along with a short
bio on the applicant, a passport-style photograph of the applicant, and a
release permitting publication of the photograph and the essay (or video) by
Halscott Megaro, P.A., its agents or assigns.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Award Amount:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">The $1000.00 scholarship will be awarded to the
winning candidate.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Application Deadline:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Submission Deadline extended to September 15,
2018!</span><br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">The winner will be announced September 30, 2018</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Halscott Megaro, P.A. is a law firm dedicated to
the pursuit of justice, focusing on criminal and civil appeals, post-conviction
relief, criminal defense, clemency advocacy, and civil rights advocacy. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">References</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">References</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Website: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">News at: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://hype.news/patrick-megaro-attorney/n-ba064c55-8ee2-42b7-ba81-cf7edd4d175f/stories" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://hype.news/patrick-megaro-attorney/n-ba064c55-8ee2-42b7-ba81-cf7edd4d175f/stories</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Attorney Profile: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Linkedin Profile: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #fe6700; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fe6700; margin: 0px;">https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-michael-megaro-%E2%AD%90-877b284/</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Attorney Profile: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Better Business Bureau Profile: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.bbb.org/central-florida/business-reviews/attorneys-and-lawyers/appeals-law-group-in-orlando-fl-90326269" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://www.bbb.org/central-florida/business-reviews/attorneys-and-lawyers/appeals-law-group-in-orlando-fl-90326269</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Facebook page: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; margin: 0px;">Blog: </span></span><u><span style="background: white; color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">https://patrickmegaroblog.blogspot.com/</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;">Patrick Megaro<br />
Halscott Megaro, P.A.<br />
(407) 255-2164<br />
</span><u><span style="color: #014880; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.einpresswire.com/contact_author/460285513"><span style="color: #014880; margin: 0px;">email us here</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9 - Attorney Profile: https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comFlorida, USA27.6648274 -81.51575350000001720.4803059 -91.842902000000009 34.8493489 -71.188605000000024tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-40270716924452899872018-08-23T09:51:00.005-07:002018-08-23T09:51:54.747-07:00Patrick Megaro: Law Blog of prominent Orlando Criminal Law Defense Attorney John Guidry publishes Guest Articles on matters of crucial importance in Criminal Defense<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Law Blog of prominent Orlando Criminal Law
Defense Attorney John Guidry publishes Guest Articles on matters of crucial importance in
Criminal Defense</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Ybn52PlWfCFeOjBGRC67LmYdWDxDK6g-aGbtoT5dlqw-jM5yaknXA2DpY0G4dPshE-7s4us6JlOtJaR2gFRDMta8L_I9WogwRttLeVjB_N1JRPRVNA3etAD4UMZ-F0aOE9aanQe4LygS/s1600/Orlando+Criminal+Defense+attorney+John+P+Guidry+II.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="486" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Ybn52PlWfCFeOjBGRC67LmYdWDxDK6g-aGbtoT5dlqw-jM5yaknXA2DpY0G4dPshE-7s4us6JlOtJaR2gFRDMta8L_I9WogwRttLeVjB_N1JRPRVNA3etAD4UMZ-F0aOE9aanQe4LygS/s320/Orlando+Criminal+Defense+attorney+John+P+Guidry+II.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Blog is publishing two guest articles by criminal defense attorney
Patrick Megaro</span></i></div>
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<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Orlando, FL (August
2018) – Respected Orlando Criminal Defense attorney John Guidry, II has served
the community by defending the criminally accused since 1993. Among his
numerous awards and accolades are “Top 100 Trial Lawyers” and “Best Criminal
Defense Lawyer in Orlando” (2016). To provide information to the public, Mr.
Guidry maintains a Blog with matters of crucial importance in the area of
criminal defense, questions such as “<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/do-i-have-to-show-up-in-court-im-the-alleged-victim/" title="Permalink to Must an Alleged Victim Show Up in Court?"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Must an Alleged Victim Show Up in
Court?</span></a></span></span>” and “<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/can-convicted-theres-no-evidence/" title="Permalink to Can I Be Convicted If There’s No Evidence?"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Can I Be Convicted If There’s No
Evidence?</span></a></span></span>”</span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mr. Guidry is
now publishing a series of two guest blog articles on his Blog. The first of
the articles is “<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/how-to-preserve-error-at-trial-in-florida-an-appellate-lawyers-practice-tips-part-1/" title="Permalink to How to Preserve Error At Trial in Florida: An Appellate Lawyer’s Practice Tips (PART 1)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">How to Preserve Error At Trial in
Florida: An Appellate Lawyer’s Practice Tips (PART 1)</span></a></span></span>”,
written by fellow Criminal Defense Attorney Patrick Megaro. In the first
article, just published on the Blog, Mr. Megaro addresses the problem when an
error at trial is not properly preserved for appeal. In legalese, that is
something like <span style="background: white;">“This issue before us was not
properly preserved for appellate review and is therefore not now
cognizable. Affirmed.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Megaro
explains that “appellate lawyers cringe when we see these words written,
especially in our own case decisions. This means that no matter how
brilliant the trial attorney was, they did not make a specific, timely
objection at the trial level, which has effectively waived their client’s right
to appeal that issue.”</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The law requires that any error during trial
be properly preserved. Thus, a lawyer must be specific with the objection so as
to inform the trial court of the perceived error.” State v. Garza,
118 So.3d 856 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013). It means that the attorney must spell out
WHY he or she objects (be it in a motion, a post-hearing memorandum of law, a
written notice of objection, or an argument on the record at the appropriate
time why something is legally erroneous). Further, such objection must be
SPECIFIC. Finally, the objection must be TIMELY and CONTEMPORANEOUS. This
means that the attorney must immediately object when something is coming into
evidence – sometimes before and after.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mr. Megaro then continues with specific advice about common issues that
arise during the course of a trial. One of those issues is the suppression of
evidence. Explains Patrick Megaro: “<span style="background: white;">If you move
to suppress evidence prior to trial, make sure you make another objection at
the time the evidence is introduced in order to preserve the objection.
You can make the objection at the time of introduction by incorporating your
prior arguments, and by making any new arguments that came up during the trial
(such as authenticity, foundation, etc).”</span></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The second part of the blog articles is
forthcoming shortly.</span></i>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">About Attorney John P. Guidry, II</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Law Firm of John Guidry
is dedicated to defending the rights of the criminally accused. Mr.
Guidry has defended thousands of citizens arrested on a wide variety of
crimes. This aggressive, intelligent criminal defense work started with
an Accounting Degree, then a Master's Degree, then a Juris Doctorate, all with
Honors, then admission to the Florida Bar (1993). </span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Law Firm of John
P. Guidry II, P.A.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">320 North
Magnolia Avenue #B1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Orlando, FL 32801</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Phone: (407)
423-1117 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/" target="_blank">Blog of Criminal Defense Attorney John Guidry</a></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv2QiGIEqeEyFvxtDGiYaRUjfCOCPUX8qM0iJA33Q52cvK5WNPBVqRR7fH8ilLm8NBgxXFf0WzNH9YTZlNt072_7wrEb0FRgoo1CcJIzfkV7sV9gb9EgMMK1IuLm7bOHBSoBTCeJ7uHWCh/s1600/Blog+of+Orlando+Criminal+Defense+Lawyer+John+Guidry+%2528Patrick+Megaro%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="885" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv2QiGIEqeEyFvxtDGiYaRUjfCOCPUX8qM0iJA33Q52cvK5WNPBVqRR7fH8ilLm8NBgxXFf0WzNH9YTZlNt072_7wrEb0FRgoo1CcJIzfkV7sV9gb9EgMMK1IuLm7bOHBSoBTCeJ7uHWCh/s320/Blog+of+Orlando+Criminal+Defense+Lawyer+John+Guidry+%2528Patrick+Megaro%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Website: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="https://www.jgcrimlaw.com/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.jgcrimlaw.com/</span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mr. Guidry’s legal
blog is at <a href="https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/">https://www.orlandocriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">About Attorney Patrick Megaro</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at
Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense,
criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights
litigation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Website:<span> </span></span><a href="https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/" rel="external nofollow" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #fe6700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">https://www.appealslawgroup.com/our-attorneys/patrick-megaro-esq/</a><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Attorney Profile:<span> </span></span><a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/" rel="external nofollow" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #014880; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> </span></div>
<br /><br />
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/patrickmichael.megaro.9 - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/">https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/</a> - Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-70833709877149370252018-08-08T11:00:00.002-07:002018-08-08T11:01:38.360-07:00U.S. Court of Appeals schedules oral hearing in case of controversial shooting of unarmed, 20-year-old Jayvis Benjamin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">U.S. Court of Appeals schedules oral hearing
in case of controversial shooting of unarmed, 20-year-old Jayvis Benjamin</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney for the family of Benjamin, Patrick
Megaro, will argue the issues before the appeals court.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orlando, FL (August 2018) – The law firm of
Halscott Megaro announced that an appeal involving the shooting of Jayvis
Benjamin will be heard by the Court of Appeals. In January 2013, Lynn Thomas, a
police officer in Decatur, Georgia shot and killed an unarmed 20-year-old black
college student, Jayvis Benjamin. Benjamin had allegedly stolen a car and crashed
it in a residential front yard. Officer Thomas shot and killed Benjamin after he
exited the vehicle through the window because the door would not open. The
facts as to what exactly happened when Benjamin exited are in dispute. The
police cruiser’s dashboard v<span style="background: white;">ideo of the incident
is inconclusive, the shooting took place off-camera.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">A civil grand jury
recommended officer Lynn Thomas be indicted for Benjamin’s death. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In March 2016, however, the District Attorney decided not to charge the
police officer, supposedly because its investigation concluded that a struggle
had ensued. See news report </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://decaturish.com/2016/03/reports-avondale-estates-officer-will-not-be-charged-for-shooting-unarmed-man/">https://decaturish.com/2016/03/reports-avondale-estates-officer-will-not-be-charged-for-shooting-unarmed-man/</a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Officer Thomas was subsequently promoted to
Police Chief in 2016. See the news report at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://decaturish.com/2016/07/avondale-estates-officials-defend-hiring-police-chief-who-shot-unarmed-man/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://decaturish.com/2016/07/avondale-estates-officials-defend-hiring-police-chief-who-shot-unarmed-man/</span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">With the assistance of attorney Patrick
Megaro, Benjamin’s mother filed a lawsuit over the death of her son in May 2016
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (civil rights violations) in the U.S. District
Court, Northern District of Georgia, alleging Excessive Force, Negligent
Hiring/Training/Retention of Employment Services, and Wrongful Death against
Avondale Estates Police Department (AEPD) Sergeant Lynn Thomas, Officer Thomas
Gillis, Chief Gary L. Broden, and The City of Avondale Estates. All of the
defendants except for Lynn Thomas were dismissed from the case. Lynn Thomas
successfully moved for summary judgment (a decision based on the pleadings and
available evidence before an actual trial), resulting in an appeal to the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Court of
Appeals determined on August 3 that oral argument is necessary in this
case. The issues in the case are essentially as follows:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>whether there are material facts in dispute
that preclude summary judgment, especially where the issue is excessive force,
and whether deadly force was justified under the circumstances in which Jayvis
Benjamin was not being arrested for a violent offense, was not armed, and did
not attack Lynn Thomas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick Megaro, the attorney for Benjamin’s
family, noted that he appreciates the opportunity to explain the disputed
issues to the Court. “This case has been controversial and divisive. Facts are
in dispute. Hopefully the hearing before the Court will clarify the issues for
a just resolution of the matter.”<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">This incident has
been widely reported and commented on in the press. Based on the published
articles and opinions, it appears that to this day the facts are still
controversial and disputed. The many news articles about the incident include,
apart from the two articles referred to above: </span></div>
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<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">The
Atlanta Journal-Constitution: “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">DeKalb DA: Cop won’t be charged in controversial
shooting,”<span style="background: white;"> </span>https://www.myajc.com/news/crime--law/dekalb-cop-won-charged-controversial-shooting/Rf5YuWCDyIY321rHX2m8GN/</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">New York Daily News: “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">King: A Georgia cop gunned down
unarmed black student Jayvis Benjamin nearly three years ago — so why no grand
jury hearing?,”
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/king-georgia-won-indict-fatally-shot-black-man-article-1.2466691</span></h1>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The appeals case is
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">MONTYE BENJAMIN, and on her own
behalf as administratrix for the estate of her Son Jayvis Ledell Benjamin v.
LYNN THOMAS</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Court of Appeals Docket
#: </span>18-10204 (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">United States
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit).</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About Attorney Patrick Megaro</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at
Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense,
criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights
litigation.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile: https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-85225031413614392632018-08-08T10:57:00.002-07:002018-08-08T11:02:40.038-07:00Attorney Patrick Megaro prevails in Appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit; lower court improperly granted immunity to police officer who had falsely arrested the Plaintiff<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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<b><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Patrick Megaro
prevails in Appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit; lower court
improperly granted immunity to police officer who had falsely arrested the
Plaintiff</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Court of Appeals largely
agreed with the arguments of Patrick Megaro, that the police officer had no
good reason (“probable cause”) to stop driver</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orlando,
FL (August 2018) Florida Criminal Defense Attorney Patrick Megaro prevailed on
appeal in a case where a police officer stopped the vehicle of Mr. E.L. without
justification. The Law Firm of<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Halscott Megaro PA announced that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit largely agreed with the arguments of Mr. Megaro, that the police
officer had no good reason (“probable cause”) to stop E.L. The opinion of the
three judges of the Court was unanimous (“per curiam”).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The underlying criminal case arose out of a
traffic stop. According to the police officer’s testimony, E.L. was driving
somewhat erratically, including multiple lane changes. When the officer stopped
E.L., the testimony whether E.L. appeared intoxicated was contradictory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
officer arrested E.L. for violating the Traffic Control Devices (changing
lanes); for the violation Required Position and Method of Turning at
Intersections (for turning into a middle lane instead of the nearest available
lane); and finally, for Driving Under the Influence (DUI).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Later
testing revealed that the client had 0.0% of blood alcohol concentration, and
absolutely no drugs in his system. Despite the testing results, the police
officer maintained that the client appeared to be intoxicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">On behalf of his client, Megaro filed a </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">42 U.S.C. §1983
action (civil rights violations), claiming that this was a false arrest. In the
trial court, the judge granted the police officer qualified immunity and thus
summary judgment (a decision on the pleadings, without a formal trial). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney
Patrick Megaro appealed, and the Court agreed with the key arguments. On the
issue of the multiple lane changes, the Court found that the applicable law
does not prohibit such multiple lane changes, and it seems there were no solid
yellow lane lines or solid double white lane lines. Thus, E.L.’s lane changes
do not create a reason to arrest him. As to E.L.’s left turn into the middle
instead of the nearest available lane, again the applicable law does not
require that the turn be made to the extreme left hand lane lawfully available.
There, based on the available information, the police officer did not have
probable cause to stop and then arrest E.L. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Patrick Megaro comments: “First, let
me say that we support the police who are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dedicated public servants sworn to protect public safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For that we are truly grateful. However,
everybody, even police officers, must follow the law. We applaud the Court’s
ruling that </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">no
reasonable police officer could have believed that <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">my client’s conduct </span>at
the time of the stop was DUI.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Megaro notes in particular that the
police officer was “not entitled to qualified immunity on the false arrest
claim …. because … no reasonable police officer could have believed that
[E.L.]’s conduct at the time of the stop constituted driving under the
influence.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Court sent the
case back to the trial court for a proceeding on the false arrest claim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The underlying case
is Llorente v. Demings, No. 17-14452 (11<sup>th</sup> Cir. 07/30/2018).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About Attorney Patrick Michael Megaro</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Megaro is a native of New York where he played Division I college football and
rugby at Hofstra University before graduating from Hofstra Law School. While at
Hofstra Law, Mr. Megaro found his calling in life as a litigator and courtroom attorney.
In law school, he interned at The Legal Aid Society in Queens, New York City
and practiced criminal defense at the Criminal Justice Clinic at Hofstra Law
School, representing real clients prior to graduation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick
Megaro began his legal career at The Legal Aid Society Criminal Defense
Division in Manhattan, New York City as a public defender. At Legal Aid, Mr.
Megaro represented hundreds of clients charged with misdemeanors and major
felony offenses, gaining invaluable trial experience fighting in court daily
for the rights of clients in the area of criminal law. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Megaro entered private practice as a criminal defense attorney in 2004 as an
associate at a high-profile criminal defense law firm in New York City before
forming his own firm in 2007. In private practice, Mr. Megaro represented
clients in New York, New Jersey, Florida, and various Federal courts around the
nation, concentrating on criminal trial defense, sentencing advocacy and
mitigation, criminal appeals and post-conviction relief. In private practice he
handled many high-profile criminal cases in New York City, earning a reputation
as a fierce litigator in the area of criminal law. He continued to practice
criminal law and appellate law in New York and New Jersey until 2014.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since
2014, Mr. Megaro has been a partner at Halscott Megaro PA, based in Orlando,
Florida, focusing in criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction
relief, and civil rights litigation. In his current position, he represents
clients in legal appeals, post-conviction litigation, and at the trial court
level. At the law firm of Halscott Megaro PA, Mr. Megaro joined forces with
Orlando criminal defense attorney Jaime T. Halscott, Esq., bringing more than a
decade of experience to Halscott Megaro PA in the area of criminal law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile: https://criminal-defense-attorney.squarespace.com/patrick-michael-megaro-esq/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-28388915372260244552018-08-03T12:13:00.002-07:002018-08-08T11:03:04.388-07:00Essay Competition in Honor of the late Criminal Defense Attorney Deron Castro<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_VoafIUG2F0V3wuoWTrZTV1R0bztx5VEBxqFmVThwRyuyayZlIgpqB9Y3JjYILEZDIvp4NAZke1CLrF3CyNfmpxeqcRMbGhfeCh84zyTjaNNQXzpgF1Cny06c0pouxS-KrqYr9dxoRX0p/s1600/News+12+New+York%252C+Interview+with+Deron+Castro+%2528Mr.+Castro+and+Mr.+Patrick+Megaro+often+cooperated+in+cases%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="500" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_VoafIUG2F0V3wuoWTrZTV1R0bztx5VEBxqFmVThwRyuyayZlIgpqB9Y3JjYILEZDIvp4NAZke1CLrF3CyNfmpxeqcRMbGhfeCh84zyTjaNNQXzpgF1Cny06c0pouxS-KrqYr9dxoRX0p/s320/News+12+New+York%252C+Interview+with+Deron+Castro+%2528Mr.+Castro+and+Mr.+Patrick+Megaro+often+cooperated+in+cases%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Essay
Competition in Honor of the late Criminal Defense Attorney Deron Castro</span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> - Criminal Defense Attorney
Patrick Michael Megaro, the Senior Partner at Halscott Megaro, P.A. announces
the creation of the Deron Castro Memorial Scholarship.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deron Castro, a New York
criminal defense attorney par excellence, departed this Earth too soon and too
suddenly in late July 2018. He will not be forgotten by his family, his
children, his colleagues whose respect he earned, and his many grateful clients
whom he served in over 24 years of his law practice. He sought justice for many
unjustly accused. He took more than 90 criminal cases to trial, winning the
vast majority of them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Only days earlier, in
early July 2018, Deron had a major win in the Queen’s County Supreme Court when
the judge agreed to throw out evidence against the defendant in a murder case
after a pre-trial hearing. The District Attorney sought to introduce statements
of the defendant made during an interrogation by homicide detectives. After
carefully cross-examining the detective at the hearing, Castro was able to
persuade the judge to suppress the evidence by citing past cases where similar
evidence was tossed out. It is quite unusual for a judge to suppress a
defendant's own statements, let alone to have them suppressed in a murder case.
Few attorneys could accomplish such a feat in court. Deron was one of them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his honor, Halscott
Megaro, P.A. will be hosting its Annual Essay Writing Competition, which is
open to all current full-time and part-time enrolled students in an ABA
accredited law school. One winner will be selected and will receive a $1000.00
scholarship award from the Deron Castro Memorial Scholarship.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deron Castro, Esq. was a
personal friend and colleague of Patrick Michael Megaro. Mr. Castro started his
career at The Legal Aid Society, Criminal Defense Division, in Queens, New York
as a public defender before going into private practice. Mr. Castro and Mr.
Megaro cooperated in criminal cases, such as the successful appeal in People v.
Small (2011), see https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ny-supreme-court/1565846.html.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was well-known and
respected as one of the most successful and skilled criminal defense attorneys,
securing acquittal after acquittal for his clients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A fearless advocate, he provided nothing but
the highest caliber of representation to his loyal and dedicated clientele.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">States Mr. Megaro, “If I
or anyone in my family was charged with a crime, I would have hired Deron
Castro. He was hands down one of the best trial attorneys in New York and in
the country. Castro won with his skill, preparation, and fighting spirit. He
was highly respected by other criminal defense lawyers and feared by
prosecutors.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Outside of the courtroom,
Deron Castro was a loving and devoted father of three and caring husband.
Always involved in his children’s activities, one could find Mr. Castro running
from basketball practice to dance recitals at night and on the weekends. He was
known for his kindness, generosity, and perpetual positive attitude which
impacted all those around him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This Scholarship is
dedicated to the memory of one of the great lawyers in New York City, and the
United States, to ever grace a courtroom with his presence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Eligibility:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The scholarship is open to
all current full-time and part-time matriculated students in an ABA accredited
law school.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">How to Apply:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For applying the essay
contest, the candidates must write a 1000 word or fewer essay on the following
topic:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What makes the difference
between a good and a great criminal defense attorney?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deron certainly was one of
those great attorneys, but what exactly makes a criminal attorney “great”? Here
is a starting point. One criminal defenses attorney suggests that four
qualities are necessary to be at least “good”: “[1] The single most important
thing a criminal defense lawyer can do is over-investigate their case. It is
the probably the biggest single difference in lawyers, how much independent
investigation they do. …. [2] Everyone knows that criminal defense lawyers must
be strong negotiators. … There are really only two factors that should be
considered in negotiation: what does this person deserve and what is the
likelihood of conviction if the case proceeds to trial (what is the strength of
the case). … [3] Third, provide a technical legal defense. This is the kind of
thing you learn in law books. Read the discovery. Read the law. Reread the
discovery. Reread the law. There is usually something to argue about. … [4] In
my opinion, the toughest skill, is being able to win at trial. Not many lawyers
will take tough cases to trial. …” Robert King, “What makes a good criminal
lawyer?”, see https://www.robertkinglawfirm.com/blog/2017/may/what-makes-a-good-criminal-lawyer-/
(2017)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Submission Details:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Your essay must be
submitted via email to info@appealslawgroup.com and must be in Word or PDF
format.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the alternative, the
applicant may submit a 5-minute (or less) video essay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The video must be a closeup of the applicant,
giving their essay as a lecture or speech, addressing the camera directly and
must have a green screen in the background. Editing is permitted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The essay must be
submitted along with a short bio on the applicant, a passport-style photograph
of the applicant, and a release permitting publication of the photograph and
the essay (or video) by Halscott Megaro, P.A., its agents or assigns.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Award Amount:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The $1000.00 scholarship
will be awarded to the winning candidate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Application Deadline:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The deadline for essay
submission is September 1, 2018</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The winner will be
announced September 8, 2018</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Halscott Megaro, P.A. is a
law firm dedicated to the pursuit of justice, focusing on criminal and civil
appeals, post-conviction relief, criminal defense, clemency advocacy, and civil
rights advocacy. Website: https://www.appealslawgroup.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deron Castro Condolences
are published at
https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1860/Deron-Castro/condolences.html#content-start</span></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-8123569465576845472018-08-03T12:09:00.000-07:002018-08-10T15:34:42.002-07:00Attorney Patrick Megaro prevails in Appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit; lower court improperly granted immunity to police officer who had falsely arrested the Plaintiff<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir5twQ3wWNGn2YFNTWTL05uZ-fckLLvGBNzQePmhIVin2HlwVoAYO6a88nVtLI7MmcUpMAD2zQs6XYNXSMHROa1OznPUmMoG4IgOqodKuJIbwT3iqcSQZJ-Bj_nadyoZTnnNyOV6wMbgG2/s1600/Video+Appeals+Attorney+Patrick+Megaro+YouTube+Video.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1005" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir5twQ3wWNGn2YFNTWTL05uZ-fckLLvGBNzQePmhIVin2HlwVoAYO6a88nVtLI7MmcUpMAD2zQs6XYNXSMHROa1OznPUmMoG4IgOqodKuJIbwT3iqcSQZJ-Bj_nadyoZTnnNyOV6wMbgG2/s320/Video+Appeals+Attorney+Patrick+Megaro+YouTube+Video.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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<b><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Patrick Megaro
prevails in Appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit; lower court
improperly granted immunity to police officer who had falsely arrested the
Plaintiff</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Court of Appeals largely
agreed with the arguments of Patrick Megaro, that the police officer had no
good reason (“probable cause”) to stop driver</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orlando,
FL (August 2018) Florida Criminal Defense Attorney Patrick Megaro prevailed on
appeal in a case where a police officer stopped the vehicle of Mr. E.L. without
justification. The Law Firm of<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Halscott Megaro PA announced that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit largely agreed with the arguments of Mr. Megaro, that the police
officer had no good reason (“probable cause”) to stop E.L. The opinion of the
three judges of the Court was unanimous (“per curiam”).</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The underlying criminal case arose out of a
traffic stop. According to the police officer’s testimony, E.L. was driving
somewhat erratically, including multiple lane changes. When the officer stopped
E.L., the testimony whether E.L. appeared intoxicated was contradictory.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
officer arrested E.L. for violating the Traffic Control Devices (changing
lanes); for the violation Required Position and Method of Turning at
Intersections (for turning into a middle lane instead of the nearest available
lane); and finally, for Driving Under the Influence (DUI).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Later
testing revealed that the client had 0.0% of blood alcohol concentration, and
absolutely no drugs in his system. Despite the testing results, the police
officer maintained that the client appeared to be intoxicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">On behalf of his client, Megaro filed a </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">42 U.S.C. §1983
action (civil rights violations), claiming that this was a false arrest. In the
trial court, the judge granted the police officer qualified immunity and thus
summary judgment (a decision on the pleadings, without a formal trial). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney
Patrick Megaro appealed, and the Court agreed with the key arguments. On the
issue of the multiple lane changes, the Court found that the applicable law
does not prohibit such multiple lane changes, and it seems there were no solid
yellow lane lines or solid double white lane lines. Thus, E.L.’s lane changes
do not create a reason to arrest him. As to E.L.’s left turn into the middle
instead of the nearest available lane, again the applicable law does not
require that the turn be made to the extreme left hand lane lawfully available.
There, based on the available information, the police officer did not have
probable cause to stop and then arrest E.L. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney Patrick Megaro comments: “First, let
me say that we support the police who are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dedicated public servants sworn to protect public safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For that we are truly grateful. However,
everybody, even police officers, must follow the law. We applaud the Court’s
ruling that </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">no
reasonable police officer could have believed that <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">my client’s conduct </span>at
the time of the stop was DUI.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Megaro notes in particular that the
police officer was “not entitled to qualified immunity on the false arrest
claim …. because … no reasonable police officer could have believed that
[E.L.]’s conduct at the time of the stop constituted driving under the
influence.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Court sent the case
back to the trial court for a proceeding on the false arrest claim.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The underlying case
is Llorente v. Demings, No. 17-14452 (11<sup>th</sup> Cir. 07/30/2018).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About Attorney Patrick Michael Megaro</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Megaro is a native of New York where he played Division I college football and
rugby at Hofstra University before graduating from Hofstra Law School. While at
Hofstra Law, Mr. Megaro found his calling in life as a litigator and courtroom
attorney. In law school, he interned at The Legal Aid Society in Queens, New
York City and practiced criminal defense at the Criminal Justice Clinic at
Hofstra Law School, representing real clients prior to graduation.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick
Megaro began his legal career at The Legal Aid Society Criminal Defense
Division in Manhattan, New York City as a public defender. At Legal Aid, Mr.
Megaro represented hundreds of clients charged with misdemeanors and major
felony offenses, gaining invaluable trial experience fighting in court daily
for the rights of clients in the area of criminal law. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Megaro entered private practice as a criminal defense attorney in 2004 as an
associate at a high-profile criminal defense law firm in New York City before
forming his own firm in 2007. In private practice, Mr. Megaro represented
clients in New York, New Jersey, Florida, and various Federal courts around the
nation, concentrating on criminal trial defense, sentencing advocacy and
mitigation, criminal appeals and post-conviction relief. In private practice he
handled many high-profile criminal cases in New York City, earning a reputation
as a fierce litigator in the area of criminal law. He continued to practice
criminal law and appellate law in New York and New Jersey until 2014.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since
2014, Mr. Megaro has been a partner at Halscott Megaro PA, based in Orlando,
Florida, focusing in criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction
relief, and civil rights litigation. In his current position, he represents
clients in legal appeals, post-conviction litigation, and at the trial court
level. At the law firm of Halscott Megaro PA, Mr. Megaro joined forces with
Orlando criminal defense attorney Jaime T. Halscott, Esq., bringing more than a
decade of experience to Halscott Megaro PA in the area of criminal law.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comOrlando, FL, USA28.5383355 -81.3792364999999928.0917165 -82.0246835 28.984954499999997 -80.733789499999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-78755544894366309192018-07-14T14:20:00.005-07:002018-07-18T07:04:49.908-07:00Petition filed with United States Supreme Court challenging life sentence of marijuana offender Corvain Cooper; challenging Federal “Three Strikes” Law (Attorney Patrick Megaro)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk518914695"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Petition filed with United
States Supreme Court challenging life sentence of marijuana offender Corvain
Cooper; challenging Federal “Three Strikes” Law </span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orlando,
Florida (July 2018) – The Law Firm of Halscott Megaro, P.A. has announced that
attorney Patrick Megaro has filed a petition in the United States Supreme Court
to challenge Corvain Cooper’s sentence of life without parole under the Federal
“Three Strikes” law. The petition was filed by Cooper’s attorney in the Supreme
Court on July 6, 2018, asking the Court to stop the injustice of mandatory life
sentences for non-violent drug offenders.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Explains
Corvain’s attorney who filed the petition, Patrick Megaro: “In the legal realm,
you have to present the issue as a legal query. In this case, the official
query presented to the U.S. Supreme Court is ‘Whether a Petitioner Who Was
Sentenced to Life Without the Possibility of Parole, Which was Enhanced By Two
Later Invalidated State Convictions, May Apply for Resentencing …’ The reality
of the situation is that drug law reform, especially marijuana reform, is at
the forefront in many state legislature’s agendas. Marijuana is now legalized,
decriminalized, or approved for medicinal use in one form or another in the
majority of States. Due Process and fundamental fairness are at the heart of
this case. Boiled down to its essence, the question for this Court is whether a
sentence of life without parole is justified for a person who now has no
predicate felony convictions.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corvain Cooper was charged in the United
States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina with
conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to distribute 1,000
kilograms or more of marijuana, and conspiracy to commit money laundering and
structuring transactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A special
information was also filed against Cooper, alleging two prior felony
convictions for possession of drugs (one for marijuana, one for codeine cough
syrup) in the California state courts. The filing triggered a mandatory life
sentence without parole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason for
the unusually harsh sentence is the so-called “Three Strikes” law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">These <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">laws</span></a></span></span> require
a person guilty of committing a drug <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">felony</span></a></span></span> and
two other previous drug felony convictions to serve a mandatory <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sentence" title="Life sentence"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">life
sentence</span></a></span></span> in <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">prison</span></a></span></span>.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<span style="background: white;">he </span>“Three
Strikes” law <span style="background: white;">significantly increases the prison
sentences of persons convicted of a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" title="Felony"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">felony</span></a></span></span> who
have been previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or drug felonies,
and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than
a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">life sentence</span></a></span></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Cooper
tried appealing his conviction and sentence, stating that the sentence of life
for non-violent crimes was against his Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the
United States Constitution which prohibits the federal government from imposing
excessive bail, excessive fines, or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cruel
and unusual punishments</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the case, and
the Supreme Court declined to even hear the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The State of California enacted Proposition
47 in 2014, which re-categorized several non-violent offenses as misdemeanors.
Prior to enacting Proposition 47, possession of marijuana was considered a felony.
This also allowed people who had prior felony convictions under the old statute
to vacate them.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Proposition 64 (the Adult Use of Marijuana
Act) was enacted on November 9, 2016, by the State of California which
legalized the use of recreational marijuana. This Act permitted certain people
who had been convicted of marijuana felony offenses to apply to vacate those
convictions and reclassify them as misdemeanors.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Adds
attorney Patrick Megaro, “I have been representing Mr. Cooper and I have said
from day one, that I am in this fight to represent Corvain Cooper no matter how
long it takes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, is yet another
example of my strong commitment.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Megaro went on to add, “We need to quit playing political games and allow the
sentence to fit the crime, as both of these Propositions (47 and 64) favor
individuals, such as Corvain Cooper.” </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick
Megaro has also simultaneously filed a petition for commutation of sentence
with President Donald Trump on Corvain Cooper’s behalf, and has started a
petition on Change.org in support of the petition that already has over 3,000
supporters.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
“Petition for Certiorari” filed on behalf of Corvain Cooper with the U.S.
Supreme Court should be available soon on the Court’s website at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.supremecourt.gov</span></a></span></span>
under “Docket Search.”</span></div>
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<h1 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; text-transform: uppercase;">A </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Wikipedia article on</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Three-Strikes
Law is at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-strikes_law</span></h1>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span> <span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></h1>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Background</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The underlying
court cases are United States v. Cooper, 624 Fed.Appx. 819 (4th Cir. 2015), and
United States v. Cooper, 714 Fed.Appx. 259 (4th Cir. 2018). According to a
press release of the U.S. Attorney’s Office, “<span style="background: white;">from
in or about 2004 through January 2013, Cooper was involved in a drug conspiracy
that trafficked marijuana from California to the Charlotte area. Court records
show that Cooper was charged with conspiracy to distribute and to possess with
intent to distribute at least one thousand kilograms of marijuana as well as
money laundering conspiracy and structuring financial transactions through
banking institutions to avoid IRS reporting requirements. Cooper, along with
two co-defendants, Evelyn LaChapelle and Natalia Wade, were convicted of all
charges on October 18, 2013, following a three-day trial.” He was sentenced to
life in prison on June 18, 2014. See
https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/california-drug-trafficker-sentenced-life-prison-drug-conspiracy-and-related-charges</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">For more
information, contact:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Patrick
Michael Megaro, Esq.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Halscott
Megaro, P.A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1300 North
Semoran Boulevard, Suite 195</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orlando, FL
32807 USA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Phone: (407)
255-2164</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">pmegaro@halscottmegaro.com</span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.halscottmegaro.com/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.halscottmegaro.com</span></a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk517105248"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Please check out our latest </span></a><a href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2FChange.org%2F&h=AT0Mta9Zj0skPkW8-NKEsu2PvhhnKQzqHlOLSqf7o9D_kKqdFEyKQ5FoBNUp1wZcoVVKGp7JgjV6snLLWptmj__tBNP110fhCgQIDrVrghx6yhIdJbQ7QnofpQesRgFrGccqTdg" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Change.org</span></span></a></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><u> petition</u></b>,
and sign and support this worthy cause:</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"></span><a href="https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-a-non-violent-drug-crime"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">https://www.change.org/p/donald-trump-release-corvain-cooper-from-life-imprisonment-without-parole-for-a-non-violent-drug-crime</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk517105248;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></span></div>
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****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comFlorida, USA27.6648274 -81.51575350000001720.4803059 -91.842902000000009 34.8493489 -71.188605000000024tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-18199151195748661412018-07-14T14:20:00.003-07:002018-07-15T11:32:35.924-07:00Supreme Court of Canada affirms extradition of Canadian citizens for alleged support of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam where lower court found that independent assessment had been conducted and that surrender would not unjustifiably violate their rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<b>Supreme Court of Canada affirms extradition of Canadian
citizens for alleged support of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam where lower
court found that independent assessment had been conducted and that surrender
would not unjustifiably violate their rights under the Canadian Charter of
Rights and Freedoms</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the following case, the U.S. requested the extradition of
two Canadian citizens, accused of assisting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam (LTTE), a terrorist organization involved in insurgency in Sri Lanka. The
Ontario Superior Court of Justice found the evidence sufficient to support the
terrorism charges. The Canadian Minister of Justice ordered the surrender of
the accused to the United States. The Court of Appeal upheld the extradition
decisions, and the Accused appealed.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Canadian Supreme Court dismisses the appeals and
confirms the surrender. In brief, the record showed that the Minister conducted
an independent assessment and concluded that surrender of the Accused would not
unjustifiably violate their s. 6(1) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
rights [Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution
Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11]. Further, the
Minister’s conclusion that there were sufficient links to the United States to
justify extradition flowed from this independent assessment and did not appear
unreasonable.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<div class="WordSection2">
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Before the Supreme Court of Canada, the Accused/Appellants’
arguments include the following: The extradition violates s. 6(1) of the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees the right of citizens
to remain in Canada, when the foreign state’s claim of jurisdiction is weak or
when prosecution in Canada is feasible, and the Minister’s review of the
extradition order did not comply with the requirements of procedural fairness.
The Court’s reasoning follows:<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Section
6(1) of the Charter provides that “[e]very citizen of Canada has the right to
enter, remain in and leave Canada”. This Court first analyzed the rapport
between extradition and the right to remain in Canada in Cotroni c. Centre de
Prévention de Montréal, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469 (S.C.C.). The scheme proposed in
Cotroni was subsequently confirmed and refined in United States v. Kwok, 2001
SCC 18, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 532 (S.C.C.), and in United States v. Lake, 2008 SCC
23, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 761 (S.C.C.). From this jurisprudence, six principles
provide guidance to respond to the interpretation of s. 6(1) proposed by the
appellants.”<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First,
Cotroni, Kwok and Lake hold that extradition constitutes a marginal limitation
of the s. 6(1) right to remain in Canada. Although the surrender of a Canadian
citizen to a foreign country impairs the individual’s right to remain on
Canadian soil, s. 6(1) is primarily aimed against exile and banishment, i.e.
exclusion from membership in the national community. As a consequence, this
limitation “lies at the outer edges of the core values” of s. 6(1): Cotroni, at
p. 1481.”<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Second, and
flowing from the previous point, extradition will be generally warranted under
s. 1 of the Charter as a reasonable limitation of the right to remain in
Canada: Cotroni, at p. 1483; Lake, at para. 37. This is supported by the
pressing and substantial objectives of extradition: (1) protecting the public
against crime through its investigation; (2) bringing fugitives to justice for
the proper determination of their criminal liability; (3) ensuring, through
international cooperation, that national boundaries do not serve as a means of
escape from the rule of law.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Third, the
Minister’s discretion to extradite or to prosecute in Canada is a necessary
condition for the effective enforcement of the criminal law, and it attracts a
high degree of deference: Cotroni, at p. 1497; Kwok, at paras. 93‑96; Lake, at
para. 34. The Minister’s assessment of whether the infringement of a fugitive’s
s. 6(1) right is justified under s. 1 involves a determination of whether,
based on his superior expertise of Canada’s international obligations and
interests, Canada should defer to the interests of the requesting state. This
is mostly a political decision. Courts should interfere with the Minister’s
discretion only in the ‘clearest of cases’ (Lake, at para. 30).”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fourth,
ministerial discretion to extradite is not unfettered. Public authorities must give
due regard and weight to the citizen’s Charter right to remain in Canada in
considering whether to prosecute domestically or order surrender. The Minister
must order surrender only if satisfied that extradition is more appropriate
than domestic prosecution, having balanced all factors which he finds relevant
under the circumstances, such as: · Where was the impact of the offence felt or
likely to have been felt? · Which jurisdiction has the greater interest in
prosecuting the offence? · Which police force played the major role in the
development of the case? · Which jurisdiction has laid charges? · Which
jurisdiction has the most comprehensive case? · Which jurisdiction is ready to
proceed to trial? · Where is the evidence located? · Is the evidence mobile? ·
How many accused are involved and can they be gathered together in one place
for trial? · In what jurisdiction were most of the acts in furtherance of the
crime committed? · What is the nationality and residence of the accused? · What
is the severity of the sentence that the accused is likely to receive in each
jurisdiction?”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fifth, no
single factor is dispositive. Nor need all relevant factors be given equal
weight. The Minister may decide to grant an extradition request because of one
factor which he finds determinative in a given case. The pertinence and
significance of the ‘Cotroni factors’ vary from case to case: Lake, at para.
30. Nothing precludes the Minister from paying more heed to one factor than
another in a given case. The inquiry is essentially a fact‑based, balancing
assessment within the expertise of the Minister.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“14<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sixth, the
question of whether a Canadian prosecution is a realistic option is simply one
factor that must be considered. It is not the determinative factor in the Minister’s
assessment: Cotroni, at p. 1494; Kwok, at para. 92; Lake, at para. 37. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>.” [<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No
compelling reasons have been shown to depart from the principles set out in
Cotroni, Kwok and Lake. These principles have been consistently and repeatedly
upheld by this Court. The common theme is that extradition, unlike exile and
banishment, does not lie at the core of the right to remain in Canada under s.
6(1) of the Charter. A Canadian citizen who is extradited to stand trial in a
foreign state does not necessarily become persona non grata: the accused may
return to Canada if he is acquitted or, if he is convicted, at the end of his
sentence or even to serve his sentence in accordance with the International
Transfer of Offenders Act, S.C. 2004, c. 21. Extradition does not violate the
core values of s. 6(1), but rather, it fulfills the needs of an effective
criminal justice system.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“21<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
appellants have not shown that the considerations on which Cotroni (1989), Kwok
(2001) and Lake (2008) were based are no longer valid. If anything, the march
of globalization calls for increased international cooperation in law
enforcement.” [<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“24<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
appellants argue that the Minister’s duty of procedural fairness goes beyond
providing reasons to explain which Cotroni factors prompted his decision.
Procedural fairness, they say, also requires the Minister of Justice to obtain
and disclose the assessment of the Public Prosecution Service of Canada
(‘PPSC’) on whether to prosecute them in Canada. The appellants argue that they
should be given time to respond to the prosecution assessment by the PPSC,
following which the Minister should address their concerns in his final
decision to extradite. They submit that disclosure is important because the
decision not to lay charges in Canada was a key factor in the final decision to
extradite. They add that this would ensure that the prosecutorial authorities’
assessment was not based on erroneous or out‑dated information.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Minister
refused the appellants’ requests for this information, stating that he had
provided the appellants with all of the materials which he had considered in
making the decisions on surrender, with the exception of legal advice, and that
he had not been provided with a copy of any PPSC assessment. With respect to
the PPSC’s assessment of prosecution in Canada, the Minister took the position
that the decision whether to prosecute in Canada was only one of many relevant
factors, and pointed out that the appellant’s right of appeal was from the
decision to extradite, not the decision whether to prosecute, which involves
prosecutorial discretion. (See Minister’s Reasons on Surrender re
Sriskandarajah, A.R., vol. I, at pp. 50‑51; see also Minister’s reasons on
Surrender re Nadarajah, at pp. 58‑59.)”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“26<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
appellants’ submission that they are entitled to see the PPSC’s prosecution
assessment cannot be sustained.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“27<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First and
foremost, prosecutorial authorities are not bound to provide reasons for their
decisions, absent evidence of bad faith or improper motives: Kwok, at paras.
104‑108. Not only does prosecutorial discretion accord with the principles of
fundamental justice—it constitutes an indispensable device for the effective
enforcement of the criminal law: Cotroni, at pp. 1497‑98. The appellants do not
allege bad faith. Their request to see the prosecution assessment is a thinly
disguised attempt to impugn the state’s legitimate exercise of prosecutorial
authority.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“28<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Second, as
the Minister pointed out, the ability to prosecute in Canada is but one of many
factors to be considered in deciding whether to extradite a person for
prosecution in another country. Procedural fairness does not require the
Minister to obtain and disclose every document that may be indirectly connected
to the process that ultimately led him to decide to extradite.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“29<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally,
concerns that the decision may have been based on out‑dated information are met
by the appellants’ ability to bring full and correct information to the
attention of the Minister. In turn, the Minister must, in good faith, transfer
to the prosecution authorities the information he finds relevant.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“30<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a matter
of procedural fairness, full Stinchcombe‑type disclosure is not required at the
surrender stage … Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 326 (S.C.C.)). The Minister must
present the fugitive with adequate disclosure of the case against him or her,
and with a reasonable opportunity to state his or her case against surrender
(Kwok, at paras. 99 and 104), and he must provide sufficient reasons for his
decision to surrender (Lake, at para. 46; Kwok, at para. 83). In this case, the
Minister complied with these requirements.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“31<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I conclude
that the claim of procedural unfairness has not been established.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“32<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
appellants argue that the Minister’s decisions to order their surrender to the
United<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">_</span></span>States was unreasonable
because he failed to consider all relevant factors bearing on the Cotroni
assessment. In particular, they submit, the Minister failed to address (1) the
weak American claim of jurisdiction over the appellants’ alleged conduct, and
(2) the ability to prosecute in Canada. Accordingly, extradition was an
unjustifiable limitation on the appellants’ s. 6(1) rights.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“33<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As explained
above, the Minister’s order of surrender is a political decision that attracts
a high degree of judicial deference. The Extradition Act confers broad
discretion on the Minister’s decision to extradite: s. 7.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“34<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In these
cases, the record shows that the Minister properly considered and weighed the
factors relevant to the situation of the appellants. With respect to the
appellants’ first concern, the Minister found that the ‘negative impact of
[their] actions, when considered in concert with the alleged actions of [their]
many coconspirators, would have been felt in jurisdictions outside of Canada’,
implicitly including the United States (A.R., vol. I, at pp. 54 and 60).
Additionally, it seems clear on the facts alleged here that the conduct
described is connected in one way or another with the use of e‑mail accounts,
companies and bank accounts based within the United States. With respect to the
appellants’ second concern, the Minister considered whether prosecution should
proceed in Canada and concluded that this factor did not negate extradition.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“35<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
concluding that extradition was a justifiable limitation of the appellants’ s.
6(1) right, the Minister provided five reasons which were relevant: the
investigation was initiated and developed by American authorities; charges have
been laid in the U.S.; the U.S. is ready to proceed to trial; all of the co‑accuseds
have been charged in the U.S.; and most of the witnesses are located in the
U.S. Contrary to the suggestion of the appellants (Sriskandarajah factum, at
paras. 78‑82), the Minister did not ascribe determinative weight to the fact
that the PPSC decided not to lay charges in Canada against them. The Minister
conducted an independent Cotroni assessment and concluded that the surrender of
the appellants would not unjustifiably violate their s. 6(1) rights,
principally on the basis of the fact that the U.S. had taken the lead in
investigating and prosecuting the actions of the appellants. The Minister’s
conclusion that there were sufficient links to the U.S. to justify extradition
flowed from this independent assessment and has not been shown to be
unreasonable on the evidence.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court therefore dismisses the appeal and confirms the
orders of surrender.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: United States of America v. Sriskandarajah,
Supreme Court of Canada, 2012 CarswellOnt 15585, 2012 SCC 70, J.E. 2012‑2329,
97 C.R. (6th) 267, 290 C.C.C. (3d) 349, 104 W.C.B. (2d) 845, 45 Admin. L.R.
(5th) 1, 437 N.R. 107 (December 14, 2012) (Docket: 34009, 34013).</div>
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-30356206559503569482018-07-14T14:20:00.001-07:002018-07-15T11:34:06.198-07:00U.S. Supreme Court rejects challenge to Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) for lack of standing; reverses Second Circuit’s finding of standing where there (a) is objectively reasonable likelihood that communications will be intercepted in the future, and (b) are present injuries stemming from a reasonable fear of future harmful government conduct<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>U.S. Supreme Court rejects challenge to Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) for lack of standing; reverses Second
Circuit’s finding of standing where there (a) is objectively reasonable
likelihood that communications will be intercepted in the future, and (b) are
present injuries stemming from a reasonable fear of future harmful government
conduct</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the following case, the U.S. Supreme Court rejects the
challenge brought by Amnesty International (and several other parties) to
Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), 50
U.S.C. Section 1881a. Section 1881a was added by the FISA Amendments Act of
2008, and permits the Attorney General and the Director of National
Intelligence to obtain foreign intelligence information by jointly authorizing
the surveillance of individuals who are not “U.S. persons” and who are
reasonably believed to be outside the U.S. Such surveillance usually requires
advance approval by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC).<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Several U.S. parties, human rights organizations and attorneys
(“Respondents”), claim that they are likely to engage in communications with
international individuals who may be targeted by Section 1881a. The District
Court for the Southern District of New York found that the Respondents lacked
standing. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed because
Respondents showed an “objectively reasonable likelihood” that their
communications will be intercepted, and that they are suffering present
injuries because of costly and burdensome measures they have to take to protect
their communications from Section 1881a surveillance.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari and now finds that
the Respondents lack Article III standing. The opinion was written by Justice
Alito, joined by Roberts, C.J., Scalia, Kennedy and Thomas.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court sums up its finding at the very beginning of the
opinion.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Respondents assert that they can establish injury in fact
because there is an objectively reasonable likelihood that their communications
will be acquired under §1881a at some point in the future. But respondents’
theory of future injury is too speculative to satisfy the well‑established
requirement that threatened injury must be ‘certainly impending.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> And even if respondents
could demonstrate that the threatened injury is certainly impending, they still
would not be able to establish that this injury is fairly traceable to §1881a.
As an alternative argument, respondents contend that they are suffering present
injury because the risk of §1881a‑authorized surveillance already has forced
them to take costly and burdensome measures to protect the confidentiality of
their international communications. But respondents cannot manufacture standing
by choosing to make expenditures based on hypothetical future harm that is not certainly
impending. We therefore hold that respondents lack Article III standing.” [Slip
op. 5]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then describes the framework of foreign
intelligence surveillance.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>Congress
created two specialized courts. In FISA, Congress authorized judges of the
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) to approve electronic
surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes if there is probable cause to
believe that ‘the target of the electronic surveillance is a foreign power or
an agent of a foreign power,’ and that each of the specific ‘facilities or
places at which the electronic surveillance is directed is being used, or is
about to be used, by a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power.’
§105(a)(3), 92 Stat. 1790; see §§105(b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B), ibid. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Additionally, Congress
vested the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review with jurisdiction
to review any denials by the FISC of applications for electronic surveillance.
§103(b), 92 Stat. 1788 <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In the wake of the September 11th attacks, President George
W. Bush authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to conduct warrantless
wiretapping of telephone and e‑mail communications where one party to the
communication was located outside the United States and a participant in ‘the call
was reasonably believed to be a member or agent of al Qaeda or an affiliated
terrorist organization,’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
In January 2007, the FISC issued orders authorizing the Government to target
international communications into or out of the United States where there was
probable cause to believe that one participant to the communication was a
member or agent of al Qaeda or an associated terrorist organization. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> These FISC orders
subjected any electronic surveillance that was then occurring under the NSA’s
program to the approval of the FISC. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
After a FISC Judge subsequently narrowed the FISC’s authorization of such
surveillance, however, the Executive asked Congress to amend FISA so that it
would provide the intelligence community with additional authority to meet the
challenges of modern technology and international terrorism. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“When Congress enacted the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (FISA
Amendments Act), 122 Stat. 2436, it left much of FISA intact, but it
‘established a new and independent source of intelligence collection authority,
beyond that granted in traditional FISA.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
As relevant here, §702 of FISA, 50 U.S.C. §1881a (2006 ed., Supp. V), which was
enacted as part of the FISA Amendments Act, supplements pre‑existing FISA
authority by creating a new framework under which the Government may seek the
FISC’s authorization of certain foreign intelligence surveillance targeting the
communications of non‑U.S. persons located abroad. Unlike traditional FISA
surveillance, §1881a does not require the Government to demonstrate probable
cause that the target of the electronic surveillance is a foreign power or
agent of a foreign power. Compare §§1805(a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), with
§§1881a(d)(1), (i)(3)(A) <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
And, unlike traditional FISA, §1881a does not require the Government to specify
the nature and location of each of the particular facilities or places at which
the electronic surveillance will occur. Compare §§1805(a)(2)(B), (c)(1) (2006
ed. and Supp. V), with §§1881a(d)(1), (g)(4), (i)(3)(A) <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>” [Slip op. 6‑8] (footnotes omitted)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then elaborates on its finding that the
Respondents lack standing.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Respondents assert that they can establish injury in fact
that is fairly traceable to §1881a because there is an objectively reasonable
likelihood that their communications with their foreign contacts will be
intercepted under §1881a at some point in the future. This argument fails. As
an initial matter, the Second Circuit’s ‘objectively reasonable likelihood’
standard is inconsistent with our requirement that ‘threatened injury must be
certainly impending to constitute injury in fact.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Furthermore, respondents’
argument rests on their highly speculative fear that: (1) the Government will
decide to target the communications of non‑U.S. persons with whom they communicate;
(2) in doing so, the Government will choose to invoke its authority under
§1881a rather than utilizing another method of surveillance; (3) the Article
III judges who serve on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court will
conclude that the Government’s proposed surveillance procedures satisfy
§1881a’s many safeguards and are consistent with the Fourth Amendment; (4) the
Government will succeed in intercepting the communications of respondents’
contacts; and (5) respondents will be parties to the particular communications
that the Government intercepts. As discussed below, respondents’ theory of
standing, which relies on a highly attenuated chain of possibilities, does not
satisfy the requirement that threatened injury must be certainly impending. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Moreover, even if
respondents could demonstrate injury in fact, the second link in the above‑described
chain of contingencies—which amounts to mere speculation about whether
surveillance would be under §1881a or some other authority—shows that respondents
cannot satisfy the requirement that any injury in fact must be fairly traceable
to §1881a.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“First, it is speculative whether the Government will
imminently target communications to which respondents are parties. Section
1881a expressly provides that respondents, who are U.S. persons, cannot be
targeted for surveillance under §1881a. See §§1881a(b)(1)‑(3) <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Accordingly, it is no
surprise that respondents fail to offer any evidence that their communications
have been monitored under §1881a, a failure that substantially undermines their
standing theory. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
Indeed, respondents do not even allege that the Government has sought the
FISC’s approval for surveillance of their communications. Accordingly,
respondents’ theory necessarily rests on their assertion that the Government
will target other individuals—namely, their foreign contacts.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Yet respondents have no actual knowledge of the
Government’s §1881a targeting practices. Instead, respondents merely speculate
and make assumptions about whether their communications with their foreign
contacts will be acquired under §1881a. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
For example, journalist Christopher Hedges states: ‘I have no choice but to
assume that any of my international communications may be subject to government
surveillance, and I have to make decisions . . . in light of that assumption.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Similarly, attorney Scott
McKay asserts that, ‘[b]ecause of the [FISA Amendments Act], we now have to
assume that every one of our international communications may be monitored by
the government.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> ‘The
party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing’
standing—and, at the summary judgment stage, such a party ‘can no longer rest
on . . . ‘mere allegations,’ but must ‘set forth’ by affidavit or other
evidence ‘specific facts.’’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
Respondents, however, have set forth no specific facts demonstrating that the
communications of their foreign contacts will be targeted. Moreover, because
§1881a at most authorizes—but does not mandate or direct—the surveillance that
respondents fear, respondents’ allegations are necessarily conjectural. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> Simply put, respondents
can only speculate as to how the Attorney General and the Director of National
Intelligence will exercise their discretion in determining which communications
to target.” </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Second, even if respondents could demonstrate that the
targeting of their foreign contacts is imminent, respondents can only speculate
as to whether the Government will seek to use §1881a‑authorized surveillance
(rather than other methods) to do so. The Government has numerous other methods
of conducting surveillance, none of which is challenged here. Even after the
enactment of the FISA Amendments Act, for example, the Government may still
conduct electronic surveillance of persons abroad under the older provisions of
FISA so long as it satisfies the applicable requirements, including a
demonstration of probable cause to believe that the person is a foreign power
or agent of a foreign power. See §1805. The Government may also obtain
information from the intelligence services of foreign nations. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> And, although we do not
reach the question, the Government contends that it can conduct FISA‑exempt
human and technical surveillance programs that are governed by Executive Order
12333. See Exec. Order No. 12333, §§1.4, 2.1‑2.5, 3 CFR 202, 210‑212 (1981),
reprinted as amended, note following 50 U.S.C. §401, pp. 543, 547‑548. Even if
respondents could demonstrate that their foreign contacts will imminently be
targeted—indeed, even if they could show that interception of their own
communications will imminently occur—they would still need to show that their
injury is fairly traceable to §1881a. But, because respondents can only
speculate as to whether any (asserted) interception would be under §1881a or
some other authority, they cannot satisfy the ‘fairly traceable’ requirement.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Third, even if respondents could show that the Government
will seek the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court’s authorization to
acquire the communications of respondents’ foreign contacts under §1881a,
respondents can only speculate as to whether that court will authorize such
surveillance. In the past, we have been reluctant to endorse standing theories
that require guesswork as to how independent decisionmakers will exercise their
judgment. In Whitmore, for example, the plaintiff ‘s theory of standing hinged
largely on the probability that he would obtain federal habeas relief and be
convicted upon retrial. In holding that the plaintiff lacked standing, we
explained that ‘[i]t is just not possible for a litigant to prove in advance
that the judicial system will lead to any particular result in his case.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>”</div>
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“We decline to abandon our usual reluctance to endorse
standing theories that rest on speculation about the decisions of independent actors.
Section 1881a mandates that the Government must obtain the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court’s approval of targeting procedures, minimization procedures,
and a governmental certification regarding proposed surveillance. §§1881a(a),
(c)(1), (i)(2), (i)(3). The Court must, for example, determine whether the
Government’s procedures are ‘reasonably designed . . . to minimize the
acquisition and retention, and prohibit the dissemination, of nonpublicly
available information concerning unconsenting United States persons.’ §1801(h);
see §§1881a(i)(2), (i)(3)(A). And, critically, the Court must also assess
whether the Government’s targeting and minimization procedures comport with the
Fourth Amendment. §1881a(i)(3)(A).”</div>
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“Fourth, even if the Government were to obtain the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Court’s approval to target respondents’ foreign
contacts under §1881a, it is unclear whether the Government would succeed in
acquiring the communications of respondents’ foreign contacts. And fifth, even
if the Government were to conduct surveillance of respondents’ foreign
contacts, respondents can only speculate as to whether their own communications
with their foreign contacts would be incidentally acquired.”</div>
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“In sum, respondents’ speculative chain of possibilities
does not establish that injury based on potential future surveillance is
certainly impending or is fairly traceable to §1881a.” [Slip op 13‑18]
(footnotes omitted) </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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The Respondents’ alternative argument receives similar
treatment.</div>
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“Respondents’ alternative argument—namely, that they can
establish standing based on the measures that they have undertaken to avoid
§1881a‑authorized surveillance—fares no better. Respondents assert that they
are suffering ongoing injuries that are fairly traceable to §1881a because the
risk of surveillance under §1881a requires them to take costly and burdensome
measures to protect the confidentiality of their communications. Respondents
claim, for instance, that the threat of surveillance sometimes compels them to
avoid certain e‑mail and phone conversations, to ‘tal[k] in generalities rather
than specifics,’ or to travel so that they can have in‑person conversations. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> The Second Circuit panel
concluded that, because respondents are already suffering such ongoing
injuries, the likelihood of interception under §1881a is relevant only to the
question whether respondents’ ongoing injuries are ‘fairly traceable’ to
§1881a. ... Analyzing the ‘fairly traceable’ element of standing under a
relaxed reasonableness standard, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
the Second Circuit then held that ‘plaintiffs have established that they
suffered present injuries in fact—economic and professional harms—stemming from
a reasonable fear of future harmful government conduct,’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>”</div>
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“The Second Circuit’s analysis improperly allowed
respondents to establish standing by asserting that they suffer present costs
and burdens that are based on a fear of surveillance, so long as that fear is
not ‘fanciful, paranoid, or otherwise unreasonable.’ <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> This improperly waters down the
fundamental requirements of Article III. Respondents’ contention that they have
standing because they incurred certain costs as a reasonable reaction to a risk
of harm is unavailing—because the harm respondents seek to avoid is not
certainly impending. In other words, respondents cannot manufacture standing
merely by inflicting harm on themselves based on their fears of hypothetical
future harm that is not certainly impending. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
Any ongoing injuries that respondents are suffering are not fairly traceable to
§1881a.” [Slip op. 19‑20] (footnotes omitted)</div>
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In conclusion, the Respondents lack Article III standing
because they failed to show that the future injury is certainly impending.
Further, they cannot manufacture standing by incurring cost in anticipation of
non‑imminent harm. Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court reverses the Second Circuit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Justice Breyer wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Justices
Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan join. The dissenters find that at least some of
the Respondents have standing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The plaintiffs’ standing depends upon the likelihood that
the Government, acting under the authority of 50 U.S.C. §1881a (2006 ed., Supp.
V), will harm them by intercepting at least some of their private, foreign,
telephone, or e‑mail conversations. In my view, this harm is not ‘speculative.’
Indeed it is as likely to take place as are most future events that commonsense
inference and ordinary knowledge of human nature tell us will happen. This
Court has often found the occurrence of similar future events sufficiently
certain to support standing. I dissent from the Court’s contrary conclusion.”
[Slip. op. 28]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Citation: Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, 568 U.S.
______, No. 11‑1025 (U.S. Supreme Court, February 26, 2013).</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro">https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro</a>; Attorney News at: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea">https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15ea</a>Patrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-10633222375249175202018-07-14T14:19:00.005-07:002018-07-15T06:52:38.073-07:00U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reverses conviction of driver and bodyguard of Osama bin Laden because (1) the Military Commissions Act does not retroactively punish new crimes, and (2) “material support for terrorism” was not a pre‑existing war crime under 10 U.S.C. Section 821<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit reverses conviction of driver and bodyguard of Osama bin Laden because
(1) the Military Commissions Act does not retroactively punish new crimes, and
(2) “material support for terrorism” was not a pre‑existing war crime under 10
U.S.C. Section 821</b><br />
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The following case (again) raises important questions about
the scope of the Executive’s authority to prosecute war crimes.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<br />
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Salim Ahmed Hamdan, originally from Yemen, was Osama bin
Laden’s driver and bodyguard. He was captured in Afghanistan in November 2001
and transferred to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. A military commission convicted him of
“material support for terrorism” [see Military Commissions Act, 10 U.S.C.
Section 950t(25)]. However, Hamdan’s conviction was based on his actions during
the years 1996‑2001, which preceded the enactment of the Military Commissions
Act. At the time that Hamdan served Osama bin Laden, a military commission
could pursue only violations of the “law of war” (10 U.S.C. Section 821).<br />
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In 2006, the matter came before the U.S. Supreme Court,
which held that the military commission rules then in place contravened the
statutory limits because they did not fully comply with statutory restrictions
in 10 U.S.C. Section 836. See Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 613‑35 (2006).
The Supreme Court, however, did not decide whether conspiracy was a cognizable
charge in a military commission under the “law of war” for purposes of 10
U.S.C. Section 821. After Hamdan, Congress enacted a new military commissions
statute. See Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub.L. No. 109‑366, 120 Stat.
2600. [NOTE: Congress enacted a new Military Commissions Act in 2009, Pub.L.
No. 111‑84, 123 Stat. 2574, but the changes therein are not relevant to the
present case.] In there, Congress expanded military commissions beyond
prosecuting violations of the generic “law of war.” In particular, for the
phrase “law of war,” Congress listed specific war crimes that could be charged
by military commission, including conspiracy and material support for terrorism.<br />
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Hamdan was charged anew after passage of the 2006 Military
Commissions Act, and convicted of five instances of material support for
terrorism. In August 2008, Hamdan was sentenced to 66 months’ imprisonment and
released in late 2008. Hamdan appealed his conviction.<br />
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit now reverses Hamdan’s conviction by the Court of Military Commission
Review, and directs that Hamdan’s conviction for material support for terrorism
be vacated. The reasons include: (1) the Military Commissions Act does not
retroactively punish new crimes, and (2) “material support for terrorism” was
not a pre‑existing war crime under 10 U.S.C. Section 821.<br />
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As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that this is a
direct appeal of a conviction, thus it is not mooted by Hamdan’s release. The
Court then addresses Hamdan’s arguments.<br />
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“Hamdan argues that Congress lacked authority under Article
I of the Constitution—namely, the Define and Punish Clause—to define material
support for terrorism as a war crime subject to trial by a U.S. military
commission. Hamdan maintains that Congress’s authority under the Define and
Punish Clause is limited to proscribing offenses that are already illegal under
international law. And Hamdan contends that material support for terrorism is
not a recognized international‑law war crime."<br />
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“Even assuming arguendo that Congress had authority under
its various Article I war powers to establish material support for terrorism as
a war crime in the Military Commissions Act of 2006, we conclude that the Act
did not authorize retroactive prosecution for conduct that was committed before
the Act’s enactment and was not prohibited by U.S. law at the time the conduct
occurred. Here, Hamdan’s conduct occurred from 1996 to 2001—before enactment of
the Military Commissions Act. And as we will explain, the federal statute in
effect at the time of Hamdan’s conduct—10 U.S.C. § 821—did not authorize
prosecution for material support for terrorism. [Slip op. 14‑16]</div>
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“To avoid the prospect of an Ex Post Facto Clause violation
here, we interpret the Military Commissions Act of 2006 so that it does not
authorize retroactive prosecution for conduct committed before enactment of
that Act unless the conduct was already prohibited under existing U.S. law as a
war crime triable by military commission. In this case, therefore, Hamdan’s
conviction stands or falls on whether his conduct was prohibited by the pre‑existing
statute, 10 U.S.C. § 821, at the time he committed the conduct.” [Slip op. 18] </div>
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“Analysis of this issue begins by determining what body of
law is encompassed by the term ‘law of war’ in 10 U.S.C. § 821. The Supreme
Court’s precedents tell us: The ‘law of war’ referenced in 10 U.S.C. § 821 is
the international law of war. See Hamdan, 548 U.S. at 603 (plurality) (act is
law of war offense when ‘universal agreement and practice both in this country
and internationally’ recognize it as such) (internal quotation marks omitted) <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>” [Slip op. 19‑20]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We turn, then, to the question whether material support for
terrorism is an international‑law war crime.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It is true that international law establishes at least some
forms of terrorism, including the intentional targeting of civilian
populations, as war crimes. See, e.g., Rome Statute of the International
Criminal Court art. 8(2)(b), July 17, 1998, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90; Geneva Convention
Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva IV), art.
33, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287; COMMISSION OF RESPONSIBILITIES,
CONFERENCE OF PARIS 1919, VIOLATION OF THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR 17
(Clarendon Press 1919) (the Allied Nations condemned Germany for ‘the execution
of a system of terrorism’ after World War I).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“But the issue here is whether material support for
terrorism is an international‑law war crime. The answer is no. International
law leaves it to individual nations to proscribe material support for terrorism
under their domestic laws if they so choose. There is no international‑law
proscription of material support for terrorism.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“To begin with, there are no relevant international treaties
that make material support for terrorism a recognized international‑law war
crime. Neither the Hague Convention nor the Geneva Conventions—the sources that
are ‘the major treaties on the law of war’—acknowledge material support for
terrorism as a war crime. See Hamdan, 548 U.S. at 604 (plurality); Geneva
Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
(Geneva IV), Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287; Hague Convention
(IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex, Oct. 18,
1907, 36 Stat. 2277.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Nor does customary international law otherwise make
material support for terrorism a war crime. Customary international law is a
kind of common law; it is the body of international legal principles said to
reflect the consistent and settled practice of nations. See RESTATEMENT (THIRD)
OF FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 102(2) (1987) (‘Customary
international law results from a general and consistent practice of states
followed by them from a sense of legal obligation’). It is often difficult to
determine what constitutes customary international law, who defines customary
international law, and how firmly established a norm has to be to qualify as a
customary international law norm. Cf. Sosa v. Alvarez‑Machain, 542 U.S. 692
(2004).” </div>
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“But here, the content of customary international law is
quite evident. Material support for terrorism was not a recognized violation of
the international law of war as of 2001 (or even today, for that matter). As we
have noted, the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention do not prohibit
material support for terrorism. The 1998 Rome Statute of the International
Criminal Court, which catalogues an extensive list of international war crimes,
makes no mention of material support for terrorism. See Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90. Nor does the
Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the Statute of
the International Tribunal for Rwanda, or the Statute of the Special Court for
Sierra Leone. See Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia, adopted by S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993), reprinted in
32 I.L.M. 1159, 1192; Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, adopted
by S.C. Res. 955, U.N. Doc. S/RES/955 (1994), reprinted in 33 I.L.M. 1598, 1602
(includes terrorism itself as a crime); Statute of the Special Court for Sierra
Leone art. 3(d), Jan. 16, 2002, 2178 U.N.T.S. 138 (same). Nor have any
international tribunals exercising common‑law‑type power determined that
material support for terrorism is an international‑law war crime.” [<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In short, neither the major conventions on the law of war
nor prominent modern international tribunals nor leading international‑law
experts have identified material support for terrorism as a war crime. Perhaps
most telling, before this case, no person has ever been tried by an
international‑law war crimes tribunal for material support for terrorism.” [<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“To be sure, there is a strong argument that aiding and
abetting a recognized international‑law war crime such as terrorism is itself
an international‑law war crime. And there are other similar war crimes. But
Hamdan was not charged with aiding and abetting terrorism or some other similar
war crime. He was charged with material support for terrorism.” [<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In short, material support for terrorism was not an
international‑law war crime under 10 U.S.C. § 821 at the time Hamdan engaged in
the relevant conduct.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Because we read the Military Commissions Act not to
sanction retroactive punishment for new crimes, and because material support
for terrorism was not a pre‑existing war crime under 10 U.S.C. § 821, Hamdan’s
conviction for material support for terrorism cannot stand. We reverse the
decision of the Court of Military Commission Review and direct that Hamdan’s
conviction for material support for terrorism be vacated.” [Slip op. 21‑28]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b>Citation</b>: Hamdan
v. United States, No. 11‑1257 (D.C. Cir. December 16, 2012).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-74913035392153176052018-07-14T14:19:00.003-07:002018-07-15T06:53:12.742-07:00Ninth Circuit analyzes district court’s application of the Alien Tort Statute against a foreign corporation for crimes committed abroad<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Ninth Circuit analyzes district court’s application of
the Alien Tort Statute against a foreign corporation for crimes committed
abroad</b><br />
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The Ninth Circuit reviewed a case arising out of the
operations of Rio Tinto mining groups in Papua New Guinea and the uprising that
occurred against Rio Tinto in the late 1980’s that resulted in the use of
military force and many deaths. The Plaintiffs were charged under the Alien
Tort Statute (“ATS”), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, for crimes against humanity, genocide,
racial discrimination, and war crimes. </div>
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This case was brought before this Court twice. The Court
previously held that exhaustion of the Plaintiffs’ claims for crimes against
humanity, war crimes, and racial discrimination was necessary and remanded. On
remand, the district court held that it would be inappropriate to impose a
prudential exhaustion requirement on the Plaintiffs’ claims for crimes against
humanity, war crimes, and racial discrimination, finding that the claims
required exhaustion. The district court also dismissed all claims of genocide,
war crimes, racial discrimination, and crimes against humanity. Plaintiffs
appealed.<br />
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirms in
part, and reverses and remands in part. The Court holds that only the
Plaintiffs’ claims of genocide and war crimes fall within the jurisdiction of
the ATS, and crimes against humanity and racial discrimination do not.<br />
</div>
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The ATS “was enacted on the understanding that the common
law would provide a cause of action for the modest number of international law
violations . . . based on the present‑day law of nations . . . rest[ing] on a
norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined
with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th‑century paradigms we
have recognized [violation of safe conducts, infringement of the rights of
ambassadors, and piracy]. [Sosa v. Alvarez‑Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 724‑25
(2004)].” [Slip op. 7]<br />
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“Thus, in discussing the definite nature of an international
norm that gives rise to a cause of action in an ATS suit against a private
actor, the Supreme Court also noted that a related consideration is whether
international law extends the scope of liability for a violation of a given
norm to the perpetrator being sued, if the defendant is a private actor such as
a corporation or individual.” [Slip op. 7]<br />
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Rio Tinto attempted to argue that due to its status as a
corporation, it could not be held subject to the ATS. However, following the
precedent of the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez‑Machain, the Court determines
that Rio Tinto could be sued under the ATS. “The ATS contains no such language
and has no such legislative history to suggest that corporate liability was
excluded and that only liability of natural persons was intended.” [Slip op.
14]</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Court first looks to the charge of genocide under the
ATS. “Claims of genocide fall within the limited category of claims
constituting a violation of internationally accepted norms for ATS
jurisdiction. Sosa, 542 U.S. at 729. They are not barred by the act of state
doctrine because violations of jus cogens norms are not sovereign acts.” [Slip
op. 35]</div>
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Further, the Court holds that the jus cogens prohibition of
genocide extends to corporations. “Given the universal nature of the
prohibition, if an actor is capable of committing genocide, that actor can
necessarily be held liable for violating the jus cogens prohibition on
genocide. Indeed, the implication that an actor may avoid liability merely by
incorporating is inconsistent with the universal and absolute nature of the
prohibition against genocide.” [Slip op. 36] “Given that an amorphous group, a
state, and a private individual may all violate the jus cogens norm prohibiting
genocide, corporations likewise can commit genocide under international law
because the prohibition is universal.” [Slip op. 37]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next, the Court looks to the complaints allegations of war
crimes in the form of murder against the civilian population of Papua New
Guinea. The Court cites a district court case in Virginia, In re Xe Servs.
Alien Tort Litig., 665 F. Supp. 2d 569 (E.D. Va. 2009), that held that war
crimes could give rise to a cause of action under the ATS. </div>
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“Claims for violations of the international norm proscribing
war crimes are cognizable under the ATS. By ratifying the Geneva Conventions,
Congress has adopted a precise, universally accepted definition of war crimes.
Moreover, through enactment of a separate federal statute, Congress has
incorporated this precise definition into the federal criminal law. 18 U.S.C. §
2441. Thus, Congress has clearly defined the law of nations to include a
binding prohibition on the commission of war crimes. Given this, and given
Sosa’s teachings, it follows that an allegation of a war crime states a cause
of action under the ATS.” Id.</div>
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International law also recognizes that corporations could be
held liable for war crimes. “Because parties to a conflict not of an
international character by definition must include at least one non‑state
actor, entity, or group, Common Article III cannot reasonably be interpreted to
be limited to states.” [Slip op. 45]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Third, the Court looks to crimes against humanity and racial
discrimination, finding that these charges do not fall within the jurisdiction
of the ATS. “Since none of the statutes explicitly include a blockade in their
definition of extermination, Plaintiffs’ claim for crimes against humanity can
come within the statutes only if the blockade constitutes other inhumane acts.”</div>
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“To meet the Sosa test, however, the blockade must be a
violation of a recognized specific norm. The statutes do not create such a
norm. There is no source of recognized international law that yet identifies a
food and medical blockade as another inhumane act or otherwise qualifies it as
a crime against humanity. In the absence of any such source, a food and medical
blockade does not violate a specific internationally recognized norm within the
meaning of Sosa.” [Slip op. 51] Therefore, the Court holds that the crimes
against humanity did not fall under the purview of the ATS.</div>
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As for racial discrimination, the Court finds that the
international norm prohibiting systematic racial discrimination is not
sufficiently specific and obligatory to give rise to a cause of action under
the ATS. The treaty itself provides a definition of racial discrimination but
does not provide any such definition of systematic racial discrimination, nor
even include the word “systematic.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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“It is important to recognize that the claim of racial
discrimination as set forth in Count IV of the complaint is for a violation of
the Racial Discrimination Convention. It is not a claim of apartheid as defined
in the relevant international statutes. . . . We assume, without deciding, that
a claim akin to apartheid would be cognizable under the ATS, but the complaint
in this case does not allege such a claim.” [Slip op. 54]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation:</b> Sarei v. Rio Tinto PLC, No. 02‑56256 (9th
Cir. 2011).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-10959290655388202762018-07-14T14:19:00.001-07:002018-07-15T06:53:50.155-07:00Eighth Circuit rules in criminal proceeding that Doctrine of Specialty and U.S.‑Mexico Extradition Treaty do not bar consideration of prior criminal history at Federal Court sentencing<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Eighth Circuit rules in criminal proceeding that Doctrine
of Specialty and U.S.‑Mexico Extradition Treaty do not bar consideration of
prior criminal history at Federal Court sentencing</b><br />
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Dino Lomeli, a Mexican citizen (Defendant) ran an auto
repair shop in Corpus Christi, Texas. There, he loaded cars with marijuana for
distribution in Iowa. The U.S. authorities charged Defendant with many crimes,
including murder, but he fled to Mexico before they could arrest him. Mexico
extradited Defendant back to the U.S. in 2004. He pled guilty to murder in a
separate Texas state court proceeding and an Iowa federal court convicted him
of drug‑related offenses.<br />
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At the federal sentencing proceeding, Defendant argued that
the court should not consider his history of criminal activities in the U.S.
because it would violate the treaty under which Mexico extradited him.<br />
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In disagreeing, the district court stated that if “the
computation of the criminal history under the advisory guidelines is found to
violate the Extradition Treaty between the United States of America and the
United Mexican States (May 4, 1978, 31 U.S.T. 5059) (the Treaty), the Court
would still impose the very same sentence after considering the statutory
factors at 18 U.S.C. 3553(a), and for the same reasons that I have previously
stated: Drug quantity, criminal history, his leadership role ...” </div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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Defendant filed an appeal claiming that the doctrine of
Specialty in the Treaty prohibits an American court from considering his prior
criminal history in the sentencing. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit, however, affirms the conviction and sentence.<br />
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The Treaty provides in Article 17 that “[a] person
extradited under the present Treaty shall not be detained, tried or punished in
the territory of the requesting Party for an offense other than that for which
extradition has been granted nor be extradited by that Party to a third State
unless” certain exceptions apply.<br />
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“Article 17 is an explicit recitation of a general rule of
extradition known as the Doctrine of Specialty. ... In general, the doctrine of
specialty provides that ‘a defendant may be tried only for the offense for
which he was delivered up by the asylum country.’ ... The doctrine dates back
to the mid‑1800s, but was first adopted by the Supreme Court in 1886. ...
[...]”</div>
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“The doctrine is now commonly included in many U.S.
extradition treaties. ... It ‘is based on principles of international comity
and is designed to guarantee the surrendering nation that the extradited
individual will not be subject to indiscriminate prosecution by the receiving
government.’ ...” [500‑501]</div>
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Defendant claims that considering his criminal history
violates the Treaty as well as the doctrine of specialty. In his appellate
brief, Defendant also quotes portions of his extradition paperwork filed by the
Mexican government: “Section 10, Subparagraph II of the [Mexican] International
Extradition Law demands the requesting country’s commitments that crimes
committed prior to the extradition, omitted in the complaint as well as crimes
not connected with the one specified in such complaint, shall not be subject to
the process, not even as aggravating circumstances, unless the Defendant
consents freely to be judged for such. ... This commitment is set forth in
Section 17 of the Extradition Treaty between the United States of Mexico and
the United States of America. ...”</div>
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The Court disagrees. First, “Defendant’s arguments run
contrary to clearly established law in this circuit and others. We have
previously held that the doctrine of specialty was not violated when a
sentencing court took into account uncharged conduct when increasing a
defendant’s parole guideline. ... [W]e rejected the argument ‘that the rule of
specialty ... was intended to preclude the receiving government from taking any
pre‑extradition conduct into account when making parole decisions.’ ...
Instead, we held that ‘the doctrine is generally understood to prohibit
indiscriminate prosecution of extradited individuals rather than to prohibit
the receiving state’s consideration of pre‑extradition offenses while
prosecuting the individual for crimes for which extradition was granted.’ ...”</div>
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“[T]he doctrine of specialty does not operate to bar
consideration of all pre‑extradition conduct when determining a defendant’s
punishment for the extradited offense. These holdings are in line with those of
our sister circuits that have allowed nonextradited conduct to affect a
defendant’s sentence. ...” [501‑502]</div>
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Furthermore, the Supreme Court has held that the “use of
evidence of related criminal conduct to enhance a defendant’s sentence for a
separate crime within the authorized statutory limits does not constitute
punishment. Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 399... (1995).”</div>
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Finally, the Court expresses “some doubt whether Mexico
intended the doctrine of specialty to shield Defendant in the manner he
asserts. Although Defendant’s extradition resolution purports to prohibit the
United States from using Defendant’s pre‑extradition conduct ‘even as
aggravating circumstances,’ the resolution grounds this ‘commitment’ in Article
17 of the Treaty. As explained above, Article 17 does not prohibit the district
court’s consideration of Defendant’s criminal history when sentencing him for
the extradited offenses, and we fail to see how Defendant’s extradition
resolution changes that analysis.”</div>
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“In sum, we reject Defendant’s argument that the doctrine of
specialty prohibited the district court from correctly calculating Defendant’s
criminal history under the Guidelines and from using that calculation to
determine his advisory Guidelines sentencing range. To hold otherwise would
‘permit foreign intrusion into the evidentiary or procedural rules of the
requisitioning state.’... The plain language of the Treaty prohibits the United
States from punishing Defendant for nonextradited conduct. We hold that the
district court’s consideration of Defendant’s [prior] criminal history did not
constitute punishment for nonextradited conduct, therefore the treaty was not
violated.” [502‑503]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation:</b> United States v. Lomeli, 596 F.3d 496 (8th
Cir. 2010).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-9800656354948124282018-07-14T14:18:00.005-07:002018-07-15T06:54:27.490-07:00In reviewing British citizen’s liability for extradition to U.S. on fraud charges of concealing antitrust violations, U.K. Supreme Court decides that Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights requiring evaluation of its impact on disruption of Applicant’s family life did not apply to preclude rendition of Applicant to U.S. for trial<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<b>In reviewing British citizen’s liability for extradition
to U.S. on fraud charges of concealing antitrust violations, U.K. Supreme Court
decides that Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights requiring
evaluation of its impact on disruption of Applicant’s family life did not apply
to preclude rendition of Applicant to U.S. for trial</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2004, the United States government asked the United
Kingdom to extradite Ian Norris (Respondent), a British citizen, to stand trial
on a federal grand jury indictment containing four counts. Respondent is a
former CEO of a prominent international maker of carbon products. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first charge was that the Respondent had conspired with
other producers of carbon products to run a price fixing agreement or cartel in
several countries including the United States. Counts 2 to 4 alleged a
conspiracy to obstruct justice by tampering with witnesses and by causing a
person to alter, destroy, mutilate or conceal various documents with intent to
make them unavailable for use in an official proceeding.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The following year, British authorities arrested the
Respondent in England and the U.S. filed extradition proceedings in the Court
of Queen’s Bench (QB). The QB held that the offenses described in the
extradition request constituted extraditable crimes for the purposes of the treaty
between the U.S. and the U.K. [see Extradition Treaty Between the Government of
the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, U.S.‑U.K, Mar. 31, 2003, S. TREATY DOC. NO, 108‑23;
as amended Dec. 16, 2004; in force April 26, 2007]. Respondent appealed.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The main issues raised by his appeal relate to the proper
approach that the English courts should take where Respondent contends that
extradition will interfere with his rights to respect for his private and
family life under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms [312 U.N.T.S. 221; E.T.S. 5; plus
modifying Protocols]; from Barry E. Carter, 2010 Selected Documents of
International Law at 512 [Convention].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Article 8 provides that: “1. Everyone has the right to
respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.
There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this
right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a
democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the
economic well‑being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime,
for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The QB dismissed the Respondent’s appeal against that
decision. A panel of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, however, granted
leave to appeal to the full Court. It agreed that the price‑fixing conduct
would not, if committed in England and Wales at the relevant time, have
constituted an offense known to English law and so was not capable of
constituting an extraditable offence. The Supreme Court remitted the
determination of the remaining issues raised by Respondent back to the lower
court. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At that hearing, Respondent contended that the ill‑health of
both him and his wife, who were then aged 65 and 64 respectively, their mutual
dependency based on a long and close marriage, and the effect that his
extradition would have on his wife’s depressive illness, made the interference
with their family rights under Article 8 of the Convention disproportionate to
the public interest in his extradition for charges subsidiary to the main
cartel charge. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The QB rejected that submission and, pursuant to the 2003
Extradition Act, sent the case to the Home Secretary, who ordered the
Respondent’s extradition. The Divisional Court dismissed the Respondent’s
appeal against those decisions. The case again came before the full Supreme
Court. That Court again dismisses Respondent’s appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court held that there could be no absolute rule that any
interference with Article 8 rights as a result of extradition would be enough.
There was a compelling public interest in extradition as part of the process
for ensuring the prevention of disorder and crime. Since the probability of
some degree of interference with family life was inherent in the process of
international extradition, the results of this interference with those rights
had to be highly serious before they could outweigh the public interest in
giving effect to requests for extradition. It would have to make the
extradition of the individual disproportionate. When considering the
proportionality of a particular extradition, the judge could take into account
the relative gravity of the offense and the effect of extradition on members of
the extraditee’s family. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The charges of obstructing justice were of themselves
offenses of major gravity. Moreover, the effects of extradition on the
Respondent’s close family ties [the severity of which had increased by reason
of the delay brought about by his asserting his legal rights in regard to the
price‑fixing charge,] were not so excessive as to render that extradition out
of proportion to the public interest in crime prevention. Accordingly, the U.K.
Supreme Court dismisses Respondent’s appeal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[The following are selected passages from the Court’s
thorough lead opinion by Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers PSC with which all members
of the Court concurred].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Extradition Act of 2003 created a new extradition
regime intended to simplify the process. The new regime transferred
considerations that were formerly for the discretion of the Secretary of State
to the courts; these include the compatibility of a particular extradition with
Convention rights. ...” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Act defines the eligible territories. Category 1
consists of members of the European Union which operate the European Arrest
Warrant. Category 2 territories are those designated by the U.K. Secretary of
State. ...The United States is one of these.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Under both procedures, the appropriate judge has to carry
out an extradition hearing at which he considers whether there exists any of
the prescribed statutory bars to extradition. [such as] compatibility with
Convention rights. If yes, an order for extradition must follow. If no, the
person must be discharged. General provision is made in both for circumstances
that may well involve interferences with Convention rights.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Public international law does not impose a general duty
upon countries to accede to requests for extradition. Obligations to extradite
arise out of bilateral treaties. [See above] None the less, a number of
Conventions have been concluded that impose on states an obligation to
extradite or prosecute in respect of certain offences or which limit the
grounds upon which a state can refuse to extradite. These reflect increasing
international cooperation in the fight against crime.” [576].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The relevant [bilateral] treaty in the present case is the
Extradition Treaty of 1972 (Cmnd 6723) between the United Kingdom and the
United States. [T]his applies in the case of any extradition proceedings in
which the extradition documents were submitted before 26 April 2007. On that
date a new treaty, the Extradition Treaty of 2003 (Cm 5821) came into force.
The extradition documents in this case were submitted in January 2005.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The 1972 Treaty imposes, subject to specified exceptions,
mutual obligations to extradite in respect of offences which carry a sentence
of at least 12 months’ imprisonment in each jurisdiction. Article V(2) of the
1972 Treaty provides that extradition may be refused on any ground which is
specified by the law of the requested party. Thus the United Kingdom will not
be in breach of its treaty obligations if, by reason of the 2003 Act,
extradition is refused on human rights grounds.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Between the contending parties, ‘[t]he following matters
are common ground: (I) In this case, as in most extradition cases, extradition
of [Respondent] from this country will interfere [to some extent] with his
exercise in this country of his right to respect for his private and family
life. (ii) This interference will be in accordance with the law. (iii) The
critical issue in this case is whether this interference is ‘necessary in a
democratic society for the prevention of disorder or crime’. (iv) Resolving
this issue involves a test of proportionality. The interference must fulfill a
‘pressing social need’. It must also be proportionate to the ‘legitimate aim’
relied upon to justify the interference.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Government contends that the legitimate aim, or
pressing social need, is the honouring of extradition arrangements (an
important aspect of the prevention of [international] crime), that this aim
weighs heavily in the scales and that the circumstances in which interference
with Article 8 rights will not be proportionate to it will be exceptional.” </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“[Counsel] for Respondent does not challenge this assertion.
He accepts that it will only be in exceptional circumstances that extradition
will be refused on the ground that it involves a disproportionate interference
with Article 8 rights. He submits, however, that this fact cannot be translated
into a legal principle. The court cannot impose on a person challenging
extradition a threshold requirement of demonstrating that his case is
exceptional. He submits that this is what the Divisional Court did. “ [577].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The primary issue of principle is whether the court can
properly require a person resisting extradition on Article 8 grounds to
demonstrate exceptional circumstances. Respondent contends that the Divisional
Court erred in doing just this. His argument is precisely expressed in the
following two paragraphs of his written case:”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Hence the question which they certified as being of general
public importance: is the public interest in honouring extradition treaties
such as to require, in any extradition case, that an appellant must show
striking and unusual facts or reach a high threshold if his Article 8 claim is
to succeed The effect is to create a strong presumption against the application
of Article 8 in extradition cases, and to require exceptional circumstances
before any objection to extradition on Article 8 grounds can succeed, a
proposition which has been rejected by the House of Lords, following a
substantial body of case law in the European Court of Human Rights [ECHR].” <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“In cases of this type, [t]he correct
approach is to balance the public interest in the extradition of this
particular accused against the damage which would be done to the private or
family life of this particular accused and his family. The court must ask how
much damage will really be done to the orderly functioning of the system of extradition,
or the prevention of disorder or crime, by declining to extradite Respondent in
this case. And whether that damage is so great as to outweigh the devastating
impact that extradition would have upon the rest of his and his wife’s life
together. These questions must, moreover, be answered with an eye to the fact
that the test imposed by Article 8(2) is not whether his extradition is on
balance desirable, but whether it is necessary in a democratic society. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“A number of subsidiary issues of principle in relation to
the application of the test of proportionality in an extradition case became
apparent in the course of argument.” [590].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I agree that there can be no absolute rule that any
interference with Article 8 rights as a consequence of extradition will be
proportionate. The public interest in extradition none the less weighs very
heavily indeed. In Wellington [2009] AC 335, the majority of the House of Lords
held that the public interest in extradition carries special weight where
Article 3 is engaged in a foreign case. I am in no doubt that the same is true
when considering the interference that extradition will cause in a domestic
case to Article 8 rights enjoyed within the jurisdiction of the requested
state. It is certainly not right to equate extradition with expulsion or
deportation in this context.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It is of critical importance in the prevention of disorder
and crime that those reasonably suspected of crime are prosecuted and, if found
guilty, duly sentenced. Extradition is part of the process for ensuring that
this occurs, on a basis of international reciprocity. It is instructive to
consider the approach of the Convention to dealing with criminals or suspected
criminals in the domestic context. Article 5 includes in the exceptions to the
right to liberty (I) the arrest of a suspect, (ii) his detention, where
necessary, pending trial, and (iii) his detention while serving his sentence if
convicted.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Such detention will necessarily interfere drastically with
family and private life. In theory a question of proportionality could arise
under [Convention] Article 8(2) . In practice, it is only in the most
exceptional circumstances that a defendant would consider even asserting his
Article 8 rights by way of challenge to remand in custody or imprisonment:
Normally it is treated as axiomatic that the interference with Article 8 rights
consequent upon detention is proportionate.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court recalls that Article 8(2) permits interference
with an individual’s right to respect for his private and family life in
certain circumstances. The Court considers that the bringing of criminal
proceedings and the imposition of a punishment following conviction fall within
these exceptions since they are in accordance with the law and pursue
legitimate aims, namely, public safety, the prevention of disorder and crime
and protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The court therefore
concludes that the prosecution and imprisonment of the Applicant does not raise
any issues under Article 8 of the Convention. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“There is an analogy between the coercion involved in
extradition and the coercion involved in remanding in custody a prisoner
reasonably suspected of wishing to abscond. In either case the coercion is
necessary to ensure that the suspect stands his trial. Each is likely to
involve a serious interference with Article 8 rights. The dislocation of family
life that will frequently follow extradition will not necessarily be more
significant, or even as significant, as the dislocation of family life of the
defendant who is remanded in custody.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It seems to me that, until recently, it has also been
treated as axiomatic that the dislocation to family life that normally follows
extradition as a matter of course is proportionate. This perhaps explains why we
have been referred to no reported case, whether at Strasbourg or in this
jurisdiction, where extradition has been refused because of the interference
that it would cause to family life.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The reality is that only if some quite exceptionally
compelling feature, or combination of features, is present that interference
with family life consequent upon extradition will be other than proportionate
to the objective that extradition serves. That, no doubt, is what the
commission had in mind ... when it stated that it was only in exceptional
circumstances that extradition would be an unjustified or disproportionate
interference with the right to respect for family life. I can see no reason why
the district judge should not, when considering a challenge to extradition
founded on Article 8 , explain his rejection of such a challenge, where
appropriate, by remarking that there was nothing out of the ordinary or
exceptional in the consequences that extradition would have for the family life
of the person resisting extradition.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
’Exceptional circumstances’ is a phrase that says little
about the nature of the circumstances. Instead of saying that interference with
Article 8 rights can only outweigh the importance of extradition in exceptional
circumstances. it is more accurate and more helpful, to say that the
consequences of interference with Article 8 rights must be exceptionally
serious before this can outweigh the importance of extradition. A judge should
not be criticised if, as part of his process of reasoning, he considers how, if
at all, the nature and extent of the impact of extradition on family life would
differ from the normal consequences of extradition.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“After considering the Strasbourg jurisprudence, the House
[of Lords] concluded that, when considering interference with Article 8, the
family unit had to be considered as a whole, and each family member had to be
regarded as a victim. I consider that this is equally the position in the
context of extradition.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Indeed, in trying to envisage a situation in which
interference with Article 8 might prevent extradition, I have concluded that
the effect of extradition on innocent members of the extraditee’s family might
well be a particularly cogent consideration. If extradition for an offence of
no great gravity were sought in relation to someone who had sole responsibility
for an incapacitated family member, this combination of circumstances might
well lead a judge to discharge the extraditee under ... the 2003 Act.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Extradition proceedings should not become the occasion for
a debate about the most convenient forum for criminal proceedings. Rarely, if
ever, on an issue of proportionality, could the possibility of bringing
criminal proceedings in this jurisdiction be capable of tipping the scales
against extradition in accordance with this country’s treaty obligations.
Unless the judge reaches the conclusion that the scales are finely balanced, he
should not enter into an inquiry as to the possibility of prosecution in this
country.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Human rights are in issue and it is for this court to reach
its own decision as to whether Applicant’s extradition would be compatible with
his article 8 rights.” [594].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“... The gravamen of the case of obstructing justice appears
in the following passages of the judgment ... in the earlier proceedings—based
on a deposition of Lucy P. McClain, a trial attorney for the antitrust division
of the U.S. Department of Justice:”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“‘[Applicant] instructed, through a task force he set up for
the purpose, all Morgan entities involved in the price fixing conspiracy to
remove, conceal or destroy any documentary material, in particular Morgan’s
sales files in Europe, evidencing Morgan’s involvement in the conspiracy. He
also instructed the retention and concealment of certain documents to enable
Morgan to continue monitoring the working of the conspiracy.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“‘In about November 1999, [Applicant] met several of the co‑conspirators
in England to discuss the United States authorities’ investigation into their
conspiratorial dealings and meetings, and to devise a false explanation, other
than price fixing, to be put to the authorities for the meetings. As Ms.
McClain put it in her affidavit: [Applicant] and his subordinates discussed
ways in which they could conceal the true purpose of the price‑fixing meetings
when asked about them. They decided to falsely characterise their meetings with
competitors as discussions of legitimate joint ventures rather than disclose
the fact that they were price fixing meetings.’” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“‘[Applicant] expressed his concern that the United States
investigators would not believe Morgan’s false explanation that the meetings
were held to discuss joint ventures, in part because Morgan had no
contemporaneous notes of the meetings to support its joint venture explanation.
[Applicant] then directed his subordinates to create false summaries of the
price fixing meetings that they would use as a guide or script in answering any
future questions about what had occurred at their meetings. ” In view of this
showing, all members of this Court agree that it should dismiss the appeal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The courts below also considered whether it was pertinent in
cases of this kind to take into account the feasibility of prosecuting
Applicant for his U.S. violations in the courts of the United Kingdom. This
prompted this brief judicial note. “Per curiam. Rarely, if ever, on an issue of
proportionality, could the possibility of bringing criminal proceedings in the
United Kingdom be capable of tipping the scales against extradition in
accordance with its treaty obligations. Unless the judge reaches the conclusion
that the scales are finely balanced, he should not enter into an inquiry as to
the possibility of prosecution in the United Kingdom.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: Norris v. United States, [2010] U.K.S.C. 9;
[2010] 2 W.L.R. 572 (2010).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-51297307845428442812018-07-14T14:18:00.003-07:002018-07-15T11:29:42.754-07:00After guardian of minor Plaintiff in child injury litigation gave deposition testimony, Canadian Supreme Court holds that, under Implied Undertaking Rule, lower court should, under circumstances, have denied attorney general’s request for authority to turn over deposition to police investigating potential criminal aspects of child’s injury at daycare home<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>After guardian of minor Plaintiff in child injury
litigation gave deposition testimony, Canadian Supreme Court holds that, under
Implied Undertaking Rule, lower court should, under circumstances, have denied
attorney general’s request for authority to turn over deposition to police
investigating potential criminal aspects of child’s injury at daycare home</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2001, Jade Doucette, a 16‑month‑old girl (Plaintiff)
suffered a seizure while in the care of an employee of Wee Watch Day Care
Systems Inc.(Defendant), a daycare organization in Vancouver, B. C. Doctors
later diagnosed the Plaintiff as having suffered a brain injury. On Jade’s
behalf, her parents sued the Defendant’s owners and operators for damages,
alleging that the employee’s negligence had proximately cause Jade’s injury.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the same time period, Vancouver police were looking into
the circumstances leading to the Plaintiff’s injury, but did not filed charges.
In November 2004, the employee moved to prevent the release of the information
from the transcripts of her deposition to the Attorney General of British
Columbia (AG) or to the police; she invoked the Implied Undertaking Rule (IUR).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The AG opposed the employee’s motions and cross‑moved for an
order varying the IUR to allow the release of the transcripts to the police,
or, alternatively, for an order permitting the police to apply for the
transcripts by way of search warrant or subpoena. The employee’s deposition
took over four days. and the transcripts had stayed in the possession of the
civil parties and their counsel. In 2006, the parties settled the civil claim;
as a result, no one ever entered the employee’s deposition into evidence at a
trial, nor has anyone ever revealed its contents in open court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The chambers judge rejected the argument that the IUR did
not apply at all to evidence of crimes, since “evidence of crimes” could range
from statements giving rise to mere suspicion to downright admissions of guilt.
The chambers judge held that it was more desirable to leave the discretionary
power of relief to the courts, rather than to the parties. The B. C. Court of
Appeal allowed the AG’s appeal. It held that the IUR could not “form a shield
from the detection and prosecution of crimes in which the public has an
overriding interest.” The court also held that discovery material remained
subject to search or seizure. The employee appealed to the Supreme Court of
Canada which allows that appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The opinion then explores these interesting issues. “Quite
apart from the cases of exceptional prejudice, as in disputes about trade secrets
or intellectual property, which have traditionally given rise to express
confidentiality orders, there are good reasons to support the existence of an
implied (or, in reality, a court‑imposed) undertaking.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In the first place, pre‑trial discovery is an invasion of a
private right to be left alone with your thoughts and papers, however
embarrassing, defamatory or scandalous. At least one side in every lawsuit is a
reluctant participant. Yet a proper pre‑trial discovery is essential to prevent
surprise or ‘litigation by ambush’, to encourage settlement once the facts are
known, and to narrow issues even where settlement proves unachievable.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Thus, Rule 27(22) of the B. C. Rules of Court compels a
litigant to answer all relevant questions posed on an examination for
discovery. Failure to do so can result in punishment by way of imprisonment or
fine pursuant to Rules 56(1), 56(4) and 2(5). In some provinces, the rules of
practice provide that individuals who are not even parties can be ordered to
submit to examination for discovery on issues relevant to a dispute in which
they may have no direct interest. It is not uncommon for plaintiff’s counsel
aggressively to ‘sue everyone in sight’ not with any realistic hope of recovery
but to ‘get discovery’. Thus, for the out‑of‑pocket cost of issuing a statement
of claim or other process, the gate is swung open to investigate the private
information and perhaps highly confidential documents of the examinee in
pursuit of allegations that might in the end be found to be without any merit
at all.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The public interest in getting at the truth in a civil
action outweighs the examinee’s privacy interest, but the latter is
nevertheless entitled to a measure of protection. The answers and documents are
compelled by statute solely for the purpose of the civil action and the law
thus requires that the invasion of privacy should generally be limited to the
level of disclosure necessary to satisfy that purpose and that purpose alone.
Although the present case involves the issue of self‑incrimination of the
[deponent], that element is not a necessary requirement for protection. Indeed,
the disclosed information need not even satisfy the legal requirements of
confidentiality set out in Slavutych v. Baker (1975), [1976] 1 S. C. R. 254 (S.
C. C.). The general idea, metaphorically speaking, is that whatever is
disclosed in the discovery room stays in the discovery room unless eventually
revealed in the courtroom or disclosed by judicial order.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“There is a second rationale supporting the existence of an
[IUR]. A litigant who has some assurance that the documents and answers will
not be used for a purpose collateral or ulterior to the proceedings in which
they are demanded will be encouraged to provide a more complete and candid discovery.
This is of particular interest in an era where documentary production is of a
magnitude (‘litigation by avalanche’) as often to preclude careful pre‑screening
by the individuals or corporations making production. [Cite].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“For good reason, therefore, the law imposes on the parties
to civil litigation an undertaking to the court not to use the documents or
answers for any purpose other than securing justice in the civil proceedings in
which the answers were compelled (whether or not such documents or answers were
in their origin confidential or incriminatory in nature).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The need to protect the privacy of the pre‑trial discovery
is recognized even in common law jurisdictions where there is no implied
undertaking. See J. B. Laskin, ‘The Implied Undertaking’ (a paper presented to
the CBA‑Ontario, CLE Conference on Privilege and Confidential Information in
Litigation — Current Developments and Future Trends, October 19, 1991), at pp.
36‑40. Rule 26(c) of the United States’ Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
provides that a court may, upon a showing of ‘good cause’, grant a protective
order to maintain the confidentiality of information disclosed during
discovery. The practical effect is that the courts routinely make
confidentiality orders limited to pre‑trial disclosure to protect a party or
person being discovered ‘from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue
burden or expense’. See, e.g., Cipollone v. Liggett Group Inc., 785 F.2d 1108
(3rd Cir. 1986).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Breach of the [IUR] may be remedied by a variety of means
including a stay or dismissal of the proceeding, or striking a defence, or, in
the absence of a less drastic remedy, contempt proceedings for breach of the
undertaking owed to the court. See Lac d’Amiante, at ¶ 64, and Goodman v. Rossi
(1995), 125 D.L.R. (4th) 613 (Ont. C.A.), at p. 624.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The undertaking is imposed in recognition of the examinee’s
privacy interest, and the public interest in the efficient conduct of civil
litigation, but those values are not, of course, absolute. They may, in turn,
be trumped by a more compelling public interest. Thus, where the party being
discovered does not consent, a party bound by the undertaking may apply to the
court for leave to use the information or documents otherwise than in the
action, In such an application the judge would have access to the documents or
transcripts at issue.” [¶¶ 24‑30].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“An application to modify or relieve against an [IUR]
requires an applicant to demonstrate to the court on a balance of probabilities
the existence of a public interest of greater weight than the values the
implied undertaking is designed to protect, namely privacy and the efficient
conduct of civil litigation. In a case like the present, of course, there
weighs heavily in the balance the right of a suspect to remain silent in the
face of a police investigation, and the right not to be compelled to
incriminate herself.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The chambers judge took the view (I think correctly) that
in this case that factor was decisive. In other cases the mix of competing values
may be different. What is important in each case is to recognize that unless an
examinee is satisfied that the undertaking will only be modified or varied by
the court in exceptional circumstances, the undertaking will not achieve its
intended purpose.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I would prefer to rest the discretion on a careful weighing
of the public interest asserted by the applicant (here the prosecution of a
serious crime) against the public interest in protecting the right against self‑incrimination
as well as upholding a litigant’s privacy and promoting an efficient civil
justice process. What is important is the identification of the competing
values, and the weighing of one in the light of the others, rather than setting
up an absolute barrier to occasioning any ‘injustice to the person giving
discovery’. Prejudice, possibly amounting to injustice, to a particular
litigant may exceptionally be held justified by a higher public interest, as in
the case of the accused whose solicitor‑client confidences were handed over to the
police in Smith v. Jones , [1999] 1 S. C. R. 455 (S.C.C.). ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Of course any perceived prejudice to the examinee is a
factor that will always weigh heavily in the balance. It may be argued that
disclosure to the police of the evil secrets of the psychopath at issue in
Smith v. Jones may have been prejudicial to him but was not an ‘injustice’ in
the overall scheme of things, but such a gloss would have given cold comfort to
an accused who made his disclosures in the expectation of confidentiality. If public
safety trumps solicitor‑client privilege despite a measure of injustice to the
(unsympathetic) accused in Smith v. Jones, it can hardly be disputed in this
jurisdiction that the [IUR] would yield to such a higher public interest as
well.” [¶ 32]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“As stated, the onus in each case will be on the applicant
to demonstrate a superior public interest in disclosure, and the court will be
mindful that an undertaking should only be set aside in exceptional
circumstances. In what follows, I do not mean to suggest that the categories of
superior public interest are fixed. My purpose is illustrative rather than
exhaustive. However, to repeat, an undertaking designed in part to encourage
open and generous discovery by assuring parties being discovered of confidentiality
will not achieve its objective if the confidentiality is seen by reluctant
litigants to be too readily set aside.” [¶ 38]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Another situation where the deponent’s privacy interest
will yield to a higher public interest is where the deponent has given
contradictory testimony about the same matters in successive or different
proceedings. If the contradiction is discovered, the [IUR] would afford no
shield to its use for purposes of impeachment. In provinces where the [IUR] has
been codified, there is a specific provision that the undertaking ‘does not
prohibit the use of evidence obtained in one proceeding, or information
obtained from such evidence, to impeach the testimony of a witness in another
proceeding.’[Cites].” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“While statutory, this provision, in my view, also reflects
the general common law in Canada. An undertaking implied by the court (or
imposed by the legislature) to make civil litigation more effective should not
permit a witness to play games with the administration of justice. [Cite]. Any
other outcome would allow a person accused of an offence ‘[w]ith impunity [to]
tailor his evidence to suit his needs in each particular proceeding’ R. v.
Nedelcu (2007), 41 C.P.C. (6th) 357 (Ont. S.C.J.), at ¶¶ 49‑51).” [¶ 41]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The chambers judge took the view that ‘leaving the
discretionary power of exemption or variation with the courts is preferable to
giving litigants the power to report to the police, without a court order,
anything that might relate to a criminal offence’ (¶ 27). I agree. On such an
application, the court will be able to weigh against the examinee’s privacy
interest the seriousness of the offence alleged, the ‘evidence’ or admissions
said to be revealed in the discovery process, the use to which the applicant or
police may put this material, whether there is evidence of malice or spite on
the part of the applicant, and such other factors as appear to the court to be
relevant to the exercise of its discretion. This will include recognition of
the potential adverse effects if the protection of the implied undertaking is
seen to be diluted or diminished.” [¶ 44]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“As mentioned earlier, the lawsuit against the appellant and
others was settled in 2006. As a result, the appellant was not required to give
evidence at a civil trial; nor were her examination for discovery transcripts
ever read into evidence. The transcripts remain in the hands of the parties and
their lawyer. Nevertheless, the [IUR] continues. The fact that the settlement
has rendered the discovery moot does not mean the appellant’s privacy interest
is also moot. The undertaking continues to bind. When an adverse party
incorporates the answers or documents obtained on discovery as part of the
court record at trial the undertaking is spent, but not otherwise, except by consent
or court order. ...” [¶ 51].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I would not preclude an application to vary an undertaking
by a non‑party on the basis of standing, although I agree with Livent Inc. v.
Drabinsky that success on such an application would be unusual. What has
already been said provides some illustrations of potential third party
applicants. In this case the [AG] supported by the Vancouver Police,
demonstrated a sufficient interest in the appellant’s transcripts to be given
standing to apply. Their objective was to obtain evidence that would help
explain the events under investigation, and possibly to incriminate the
appellant. I think it would be quite wrong for the police to be able to take
advantage of statutorily compelled testimony in civil litigation to undermine
the appellant’s right to silence and the protection against self‑incrimination
afforded him by the criminal law.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Accordingly, in my view, the present application was
rightly dismissed by the chambers judge. On the other hand, a non‑party engaged
in other litigation with an examinee, who learns of potentially contradicting
testimony by the examinee in a discovery to which that other person is not a
party, would have standing to seek to obtain a modification of the [IUR] and
for the reasons given above may well succeed. Of course if the undertaking is
respected by the parties to it, then non‑parties will be unlikely to possess
enough information to make an application for a variance in the first place
that is other than a fishing expedition. But the possibility of third party
applications exists, and where duly made, the competing interests will have to
be weighed, keeping in mind that an undertaking too readily set aside sends the
message that such undertakings are unsafe to be relied upon, and will therefore
not achieve their broader purpose.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“While I would not deny the [AG] standing to seek to vary an
implied undertaking to which he is not a party, I agree with the chambers judge
that his application should be rejected on the facts of this case. The purpose
of the application was to sidestep the appellant’s silence in the face of
police investigation of her conduct. The authorities should not be able to
obtain indirectly a transcript which they are unable to obtain directly through
a search warrant in the ordinary way because they lack the grounds to justify
it.” [¶ 53]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I would allow the appeal with costs to the appellant both
here and in the courts below.” [The other Justices concur]. [¶ 59].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Doucette (by guardian ad litem) v. Wee
Watch Day Care Systems Inc., 2008 CarswellBC 411; [2008] 1 S.C.R. 157 (Can.Sup.
Ct. 2008).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-53859686795496289942018-07-14T14:18:00.001-07:002018-07-15T11:30:03.078-07:00As matter of first impression, Ninth Circuit reviews whether U.S. government must seek extradition of a suspect when it believes that extradition is futile<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>As matter of first impression, Ninth Circuit reviews
whether U.S. government must seek extradition of a suspect when it believes
that extradition is futile</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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Felipe de Jesus Corona‑Verbera (“Corona Verbera”) was
involved with the Sinaloa Cartel, one of the largest drug‑trafficking
operations in Mexico in the late 1980s. He allegedly designed a sophisticated,
200‑foot‑long tunnel between Agua Prieta, Mexico, and a warehouse in Douglas,
Arizona. That the tunnel was used for drug‑trafficking is evidenced by the
2,037 pounds of cocaine found at the same time. Corona Verbera was first
charged in 1990, and there were indictments in 1995 and 2001. He arrested in
Mexico in 2003, and extradited to the U.S. Eventually, after many delays, he
was convicted in 2006 of various drug‑related offenses, and now appeals.<br />
</div>
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirms. One
of Corona Verbera’s challenges on appeal is that his Sixth Amendment right to a
speedy trial was violated because the U.S. government did not timely seek his
extradition from Mexico.<br />
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The Court agrees that an almost eight‑year delay between
indictment and arrest is presumptively prejudicial. However, the Court does not
find a duty upon the government to seek swift extradition.</div>
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“Whether or not our government is required formally to seek
extradition and execute an arrest warrant when it believes extradition is
futile is an issue of first impression in this Circuit. The Second Circuit
addressed the issue in United States v. Blanco, 861 F.2d 773, 778 (2d Cir.
1988). In Blanco, the court held that seeking extradition of a defendant from
Colombia would have been futile and “[d]ue diligence does not require the
government to pursue goals that are futile.” Id. We agree with the Second
Circuit and hold that where our government has a good faith belief supported by
substantial evidence that seeking extradition from a foreign country would be
futile, due diligence does not require our government to do so.” [Slip op. 8]</div>
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Here, the government presented testimony by Agent Grant
Murray that Mexico did not extradite its citizens on drug charges until the
late 1990s. Thus, any attempts to seek Corona Verbera’s extradition would have
been futile. Even a defense expert agreed that Mexico did not extradite its
citizens between 1980 and 1996. The government did, however, enter him into the
National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer system.</div>
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Therefore, the Court concludes that “that the government
exercised due diligence in this case. Substantial evidence supports the
government’s assertion that extradition from Mexico on drug related charges
prior to 2002 was extremely rare. The futility of extradition, combined with
the government’s entry of Corona‑Verbera into NCIC and border stop computers,
and the airing of the Most Wanted and Unsolved Mysteries segments, indicate
that the government did not simply forget about Corona‑Verbera. Rather, after
extradition became more likely in 2002, the government obtained an arrest
warrant and diligently sought extradition. Consequently, the reason for delay
weighs against dismissal.” [Slip op. 10]</div>
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Finally, the Court rejects Corona Verbera’s argument that
his 18‑year sentence violates the terms of his extradition. The U.S. Ambassador
had assured Mexico that the U.S. would not seek a death sentence or life
imprisonment. Corona Verbera argues that, because he is 53 years old, the 18‑year
sentence is effectively a life sentence. Also, Articles 18 and 22 of the
Mexican Constitution prohibit such punishments. Such cruel and extreme
punishment violates the U.S.–Mexico Extradition Treaty.</div>
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The Court disagrees. “Neither our Ambassador’s letter nor
the Treaty itself mention any prohibition against a sentence imposing a precise
term of years. Likewise, no mention is made of “unusual or extreme punishment”
or any equivalent thereof. See Extradition Treaty Between the United States of
America and the United Mexican States, U.S.–Mex., May 4, 1978, 31 U.S.T. 5059.
Accordingly, the simple answer to Corona‑Verbera’s argument is that he was not
sentenced to life in prison. He was sentenced to eighteen years in prison, with
credit for more than four years served. Moreover, his projected release date is
at the age of sixty‑four.” [Slip op. 18]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>United States v. Corona‑Verbera, No. 06‑10538
(9th Cir. December 7, 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-85125184985437832222018-07-14T14:17:00.004-07:002018-07-15T06:56:51.697-07:00In case where district court admitted evidence allegedly in violation of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) between the U.S. and The Netherlands, obtained after The Netherlands denied U.S. request for assistance, Second Circuit finds that evidence was not within scope of MLAT and must only comply with U.S. law, not foreign law<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
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<b>In case where district court admitted evidence allegedly
in violation of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) between the U.S. and
The Netherlands, obtained after The Netherlands denied U.S. request for
assistance, Second Circuit finds that evidence was not within scope of MLAT and
must only comply with U.S. law, not foreign law</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Henk Rommy, a Dutch citizen who ran a large international
drug ring, was convicted of importing the drug “ecstasy” (MDMA) into the U.S.
The conviction was in part based on the testimony of his co‑conspirators and
recorded conversations with an informant and an undercover agent.<br />
</div>
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In early 2000, Dutch Authorities notified the Drug
Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) about plans to smuggle large amounts of ectasy pills
to New York. Based on the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (“MLAT”) between the
two countries (Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, June 12, 1981,
U.S.‑Netherlands, 35 U.S.T. 1361, T.I.A.S. No. 10,734). The DEA interviewed the
Dutch Authorities’ confidential informant and then, based on the MLAT, wanted
to use him to introduce Rommy to an undercover agent, Mark Grey, and record the
resulting conversations. Dutch Authorities denied the request.<br />
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The DEA nevertheless went ahead and used the confidential
informant to put agent Grey in touch with Rommy. Between October 2001 and March
2003, DEA agents in New York recorded telephone conversations between the
informant, Agent Grey and Rommy in The Netherlands about smuggling ectasy into
New York. In March 2003, Rommy met with the informant and Agent Grey in
Bermuda. There, Rommy spoke openly about his experience in drug trafficking,
and explained the origin of the ectasy pills. U.S. authorities video‑taped the
meeting and subsequently requested Spanish authorities to arrest and extradite
Rommy. He was convicted in U.S. district court for the Southern District of New
York.<br />
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Rommy appeals his conviction, claiming, inter alia, that the
district court erred in admitting evidence obtained in violation of the MLAT
between the U.S. and The Netherlands. In particular, Rommy challenges the
district court’s failure to suppress the recorded telephone conversations and
the video‑taped Bermuda meeting as violations of the MLAT.<br />
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirms the
conviction.<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court disagrees with Rommy. “First, Rommy cannot
demonstrate a treaty violation. The [MLAT] ... provides various means for the
governments of the two countries to provide legal assistance to one another in
criminal matters, ... It also places certain limitations on how information
obtained pursuant thereto may be used. ... By its express terms, however, the
treaty has no application to evidence obtained outside the MLAT process.
Article 18, subsection 1, states:”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“‘Assistance and procedures provided by this Treaty shall be
without prejudice to, and shall not prevent or restrict, any assistance or
procedure available under other international conventions or arrangements or
under the domestic laws of the Contracting Parties.’”</div>
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“... This does not mean that United States or Dutch
authorities, operating without MLAT authorization, may act with impunity in
conducting law enforcement investigations in each others’ countries. To the
contrary, it means that, when securing evidence without MLAT authorization,
foreign government officials lacking diplomatic immunity must conduct
themselves in accordance with applicable ‘domestic laws.’ ...”</div>
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“Thus, when DEA agents proceeded to use [the] confidential
informant in the Netherlands even after their MLAT request to do so was denied,
they did not violate the treaty. They did, however, subject themselves and
their informant to any constraints imposed on private actors by Dutch law. We
need not here decide whether any DEA actions violated Dutch domestic law. ...
The admissibility of evidence in a United States court depends solely on
compliance with United States law. See United States v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 34,
57 (2d Cir. 1998) (observing that “federal law governs the admissibility of
evidence in a federal criminal trial”) ... Rommy makes no claim on appeal that
the DEA’s undercover investigation generally, or its recording of the telephone
calls in the United States or the meeting in Bermuda specifically, violated any
United States law.” [Slip op. 24‑35]</div>
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Further, the MLAT does not appear to create individual
rights. There is a general presumption against individual enforcement rights.
Absent treaty language conferring individual enforcement rights, treaty
violations are handled by diplomatic means. Sometimes sovereign nations decide
to overlook such treaty violations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this case, it is clear that the MLAT signatories did not
intend to create individual rights. Article 18, subsection 2, specifically
states that “the provisions of this Treaty shall not give rise to a right on
the part of any person to take any action in a criminal proceeding to suppress
or exclude any evidence.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rommy then points to MLAT Article 2, subsection 2, which
states that “[t]he Requesting State shall not use any evidence obtained under
this Treaty ... without the prior consent of the Requested State.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here, The Netherlands denied the U.S. request under the
MLAT. Therefore, the evidence is not subject to the MLAT Article 11. The
admissibility of this evidence is governed solely by U.S. domestic law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Consequently, Rommy’s argument for suppression of the
evidence lacks any foundation in the text of the MLAT, and district court
properly denied it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: United States v. Rommy, No. 06‑0520‑cr (2d
Cir. November 5, 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-76916078667225554292018-07-14T14:17:00.002-07:002018-07-15T06:57:43.953-07:00West Virginia district court denies request from Ireland for the extradition of a U.S. citizen accused of assisting in suicide; dual criminality requirement of the U.S.–Ireland extradition treaty was not met; although the court recognizes that dual criminality could potentially be satisfied by the existence of substantially comparable laws in a “preponderance” of the states, there was no consensus in the laws of the U.S. states as to assisted suicide<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>West Virginia district court denies request from Ireland
for the extradition of a U.S. citizen accused of assisting in suicide; dual
criminality requirement of the U.S.–Ireland extradition treaty was not met;
although the court recognizes that dual criminality could potentially be
satisfied by the existence of substantially comparable laws in a
“preponderance” of the states, there was no consensus in the laws of the U.S.
states as to assisted suicide</b><br />
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The following district court case concerns Ireland’s request
for the extradition of the Reverend George Exoo of the “Compassionate
Chaplaincy Foundation,” an organization that assists people who wish to commit
suicide. Such has been termed “suicide tourism” by critics. More information
about the background of this matter is available at www.compassionate‑chaplaincy.com.<br />
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The United States initiated an action for the extradition of
American citizen George Exoo to Ireland. The Dublin Metropolitan District Court
issued a Warrant to Arrest Exoo on May 21, 2004, based upon information
provided by a police detective that Exoo (1) aided and abetted and (2)
counseled the suicide of an Irish woman, Ms. Toole, in violation of Irish law.
That law provides that “a person who aids, abets, counsels or procures the
suicide of another . . . shall be guilty of an offense and shall be liable on
conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen
years.” Section 2(2) of Ireland’s Criminal Law (Suicide) Act, 1993.<br />
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Exoo was affiliated with an organization known as the
Compassionate Chaplaincy Foundation which provided assistance to dying people.
Exoo, in his position as a minister, provided instruction and spiritual support
for people seeking to end their own lives. In 2002, Exoo traveled to Ireland
after some correspondence with Ms. Toole, a woman suffering health problems who
had attempted and failed at suicide once before. Ms. Toole paid for Exoo’s
traveling expenses. On January 25, he was with Ms. Toole when she took
unspecific pills and out on a mask that supplied her with helium, not oxygen. She
soon asphyxiated, and Exoo left the country without notifying authorities of
her death. In 2007, a warrant was issued in the U.S. and Exoo was arrested. The
court subsequently held a hearing to determine where extradition of Exoo to
Ireland was permissible.<br />
</div>
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Under the 1983 extradition treaty between the United States
and Ireland, “An offense shall be an extraditable offense only if it is
punishable under the law of both Contracting Parties by imprisonment for a
period of more than one year, or by a more severe penalty. Extradition shall also be
granted for attempt and conspiracy to commit, aiding, abetting, counseling,
procuring, inciting, or otherwise being an accessory to the commission of [such
an offense that is punishable under the law of both states].” The treaty
further stipulated that it “adopts the modern practice of permitting
extradition for any crime punishable under the laws of both contracting Parties
for a minimum period,” and that the doctrine of dual criminality should be
interpreted liberally under it.<br />
</div>
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To extradite Exoo, the Court would have to determine, among
other things, whether “in consideration of the offenses with which he is
charged in Ireland, [Exoo] is extraditable under the ‘dual criminality’
provision contained in Article II of the Treaty. Under this provision, the
Court must determine whether the offenses with which [Exoo] is charged in
Ireland are also punishable under the law of the United States by imprisonment
for a period of more than one year or by a more severe penalty.” [pg. 5]</div>
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“To determine whether dual criminality exists as between the
law of Ireland and the law of the United States, the Court must look to federal
law first. If there is no corresponding federal law, then the Court must look
to the law of the State where [Exoo] is found. If there is no corresponding law
in the State where [Exoo] is found, then the Court must look to the law of the
preponderance or majority of States.” [pg. 5–6] These laws need not be
identical between states, merely similar. In Exoo’s case, the proper inquiry
was first into Federal and West Virginia law, neither of which possessed laws
that would satisfy the duality requirement. However, the United States in its
memorandum maintained that a preponderance of the States criminalize assisted suicide,
and alleged that 39 have statutes forbidding such acts and 29 of those attach
aiding and abetting liability to providing assistance in any form to the
suicide of another.</div>
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In June 2007, the Court held an Extradition Hearing.
“Essentially, the question presented was<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
whether the [Extradition Treaty between the US and Ireland] permitted dual
criminality to be assessed in consideration of the law of a preponderance of
the States and, if so, [did] it appeared probable that dual criminality does
not exist as between the law of Ireland and the law of a preponderance of the
States<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> [L]egal research
indicated that several Courts have stated that, absent duality as between the
law of the requesting State and federal law and the State where the relator is
found, the Treaty language would permit an assessment of dual criminality in
view of the law of a preponderance of the States.” [pg. 8]</div>
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At the hearing, both sides presented evidence on the
differing assisted suicide laws of various states and the status of assisted
suicide at common law where no statute existed. While the Government maintained
that a majority of states had statutes criminalizing assisted suicide and also
recognized aider and abettor liability for such acts, Exoo argued that not only
had the Government failed to show a majority trend among the various states,
even if it had, majority alone was not enough. Instead, the requisite for a
finding of duality under a “preponderance” of state laws was “consensus” among
them.</div>
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At the hearing, the court emphasized that extradition
treaties were to be interpreted liberally, and this applied as well when
determining if dual criminality exists when there is no comparable federal or
State of asylum enactment. In order to make such a determination, it stated,
the court must compare the laws of the country requesting extradition and the
fifty States to determine if the conduct charged in the requesting country is
punishable in a preponderance of the States. [pg. 17]</div>
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In the court’s determination of the meaning of applicable
laws, it noted that, in general, the law of the United States and Ireland are
conceptually consistent in defining aiding and abetting. In then turned to a
comparison of the assisted suicide laws of Ireland and the 50 states, in order
to determine “the extent to which the States’ laws are ‘substantially
analogous’, ‘relate to the same general offense’ or involve conduct which is
criminal in both countries.” [pg. 21] </div>
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After conducting this comparison, the court found there was
no dual criminality under the “preponderance of the states” standard, and
extradition was not permissible. The State Court decisions analyzed by the
court in making its comparison indicated that the strong majority of the
States’ statutes would not be “substantially analogous” for duality purposes.
“Utilizing as broad a notion as possible of what legally constitutes ‘aiding’
and ‘causing’ in order to conform to the liberality requirements of the Treaty
and the law, the Court [found] that the laws of the 25 States set forth in the
first category incorporate both aiding and causing suicide and therefore
included conduct such as Exoo’s indirect, secondary participation in Ms.
Toole’s suicide.” [pg. 30]</div>
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However, the Court also finds that 25 States did not have
laws which were “substantially analogous,” and as such, the Court could not
find that aiding and abetting and counseling suicide as charged in Ireland are
generally recognized as criminal in the laws of the States, and extradition was
denied.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>In the Matter of the Extradition of George
David Exoo, 5:07‑0059 (S.D.Wv. 11/26/2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-72271773408280031382018-07-14T14:17:00.000-07:002018-07-15T06:58:24.452-07:00Relying in part on study of similar laws in twenty other nations including United States, Germany’s highest court upholds German law criminalizing incest, inter alia, to prevent genetic harm to innocent offspring<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Relying in part on study of similar laws in twenty other
nations including United States, Germany’s highest court upholds German law
criminalizing incest, inter alia, to prevent genetic harm to innocent offspring</b><br />
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A couple had adopted Patrick S. (Defendant) when he was four
years old. After spending many years in foster care, he first met his sister K.
in 2000 when she was 16 years old and he was 24. K has now borne four children
sired by Appellant. The lower court convicted and sentenced him for the crime
of incest. It also found that the Appellant had physically attacked K at least
once and that K suffers from a mild form of mental illness. Appellant duly
filed an appeal.<br />
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On February 26, 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court
(Bundesverfassungsgericht or BVG), Germany’s highest Court, rejected Defendant’s
constitutional challenges to Section 173, & 2, s. 2, of the Criminal Code
(StGB), which prohibits sexual relations between siblings.<br />
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The BVG gave considerable weight to a court‑ordered study
prepared by the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal
Law. The Study surveyed the incest laws of 20 countries, and concluded that
sexual intercourse between siblings is a criminal offense in 13 of the 20
countries surveyed. The Study notes that the statutes of some U.S. states go so
far as to authorize life sentences for this offense.<br />
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On the other hand, incest as such is not a crime in China,
the Russian Federation, Turkey, Spain, France, The Netherlands and Ivory Coast.
There are, however, other legal sanctions in the laws of these seven countries
hostile to the mating of siblings such as a bar against marriage between
siblings and the non‑recognition of children from incestuous relationships.<br />
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In particular, the Court upholds the constitutionality of
Section 173 on three bases. First, the statute does not seriously restrain an
individual’s right to sexual self‑determination. The law is limited to barring
sexual intercourse between siblings.<br />
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Secondly, Section 173 seeks to foster lawful marriages and
normal familial relationships. Scientific studies report that incestuous
relationships seriously damage families and social relations. For example, they
bring about overlapping family relationships and disruption to traditional
family roles. Moreover, eugenic considerations support the ban because recessive
genes carry an increased risk of harm to incestuous offspring.<br />
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Finally, the built‑in flexibility of Section 173 meets the
constitutional test of proportionality. In cases of sibling incest where jail
time seems inappropriate, for instance, the courts have the discretion to
dismiss the charges, or to modify the sentence for special considerations or to
impose no criminal punishment at all.</div>
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<b>Citation: </b>Bundesverfassungsgericht, Beschluss vom 26.
Februar 2008, 2 BvR 392/07.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1223825848717902850.post-8931492042095894072018-07-14T14:16:00.005-07:002018-07-15T06:59:45.599-07:00Fourth Circuit affirms criminal conviction of U.S. civilian CIA contractor for causing death of Afghan detainee at U.S. base in Afghanistan by repeated kicks and beatings, based on recent statutory extensions of special maritime and territorial jurisdiction federal courts<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Fourth Circuit affirms criminal conviction of U.S.
civilian CIA contractor for causing death of Afghan detainee at U.S. base in
Afghanistan by repeated kicks and beatings, based on recent statutory
extensions of special maritime and territorial jurisdiction federal courts</b><br />
</div>
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David Passaro (Defendant) was a civilian Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) contractor in Afghanistan when he allegedly assaulted
and killed Abdul Wali in 2003 at Asadabad Firebase, Afghanistan. U.S. and
coalition forces had captured the Asadabad Firebase in late 2001 by. Defendant,
a former special forces medic, arrived in 2003, when the base was the target of
rocket attacks. U.S. forces suspected that Afghan national Abdul Wali had
organized those rocket attacks.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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Wali surrendered voluntarily and Defendant proceeded to interrogate
him for two days. Defendant’s “techniques” of persuasion included throwing Wali
to the ground; striking him; hitting him with a large flashlight; and kicking
him in the groin. At the end of the second day of mistreatment, Wali collapsed
and died.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A North Carolina federal jury found Defendant guilty of the
fatal assaults. Defendant argues on appeal, inter alia, that the U.S. courts
lacked criminal jurisdiction over alleged assaults at U.S. Army outposts in
Afghanistan. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, however,
affirms.</div>
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In this case, the Government based criminal jurisdiction on
the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction statute 18 U.S.C. § 7 (2006).
It extends federal criminal jurisdiction over certain crimes that states have been
traditionally regulating. Territorially, it extends to federal enclaves such as
military bases, federal buildings, national parks, the high seas within U.S.
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as well as to offenses committed on
aircraft and spacecraft.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2001, Congress added another subsection to § 7 through
the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required
to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107‑56,
§ 804, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 7(9) (2006). It extends special maritime and
territorial jurisdiction to “the premises of United States diplomatic,
consular, military or other United States Government missions or entities in
foreign States, including the buildings, parts of buildings, and land
appurtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes of those missions or
entities, irrespective of ownership ...”<br />
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The question here is whether this Section enlarges a federal
court’s jurisdiction to crimes allegedly committed at the Asadabad Firebase in
2003. In order to determine the Section’s meaning and congressional intent, the
district court focused on the statutory terms “premises” and “mission.” The
district court then found jurisdiction over the alleged crime committed in
Asadabad in 2003. It reasoned that the U.S. has been conducting a military
mission in Afghanistan since late 2001, and the activities at the Asadabad
Firebase form part of that larger longstanding mission.<br />
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The Court of Appeals, however, considers this construction
inadequate. Instead, it construes § 7(9) to apply only to fixed locations by
stressing the importance of the terms “mission” and “premises.” The fact that
Congress placed subsection 9 within § 7 which only refers to more or less fixed
locations supports this interpretation. Congress included “military mission” in
a particular list of missions such as diplomatic, consular, and military
missions, thus indicating that it refers to permanent locations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then explains. “We turn then to the question of
whether, by June 2003, the ‘premises’ of Asadabad constituted a United States
‘military mission’ so as to render it within the criminal jurisdiction of a
federal district court.”</div>
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“Clearly, long‑established and permanent U.S. military bases
abroad, e.g., [the] Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan and [the] Ramstein Air
Base in Germany, constitute ‘premises’ of a ‘military mission’ under § 7(9).
These bases are the straightforward ‘military’ analogue to embassies, [as well
as to] the ‘diplomatic’ and ‘consular’ missions plainly within § 7(9)’s scope.”
</div>
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“On the other hand, we doubt that § 7(9) reaches so broadly
as to encompass any area that U.S. soldiers occupy, no matter how temporary or
mobile their presence. For example, we agree with [Defendant] that § 7(9) would
not reach any piece of Afghan soil on which a soldier ‘pitches his pup tent.’
...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In cases that fall between these two extremes, courts must
consider a number of common‑sense, objective factors to determine whether a
particular location qualifies as the ‘premises’ of a United States ‘military
mission’ for purposes of § 7(9). Relevant factors include [1] the size of a
given military mission’s premises, [2] the length of United States control over
those premises, [3] the substantiality of its improvements, [4] actual use of
the premises, [5] the occupation of the premises by a significant number of
United States personnel, and [6] the host nation’s consent (whether formal or
informal) to the presence of the United States. This list surely does not
exhaust every factor relevant to determining § 7(9)’s reach; nor is any
[single] factor a prerequisite for jurisdiction. But these factors do bring to
bear relevant, objective considerations in resolving this question.” [Slip Op.
9‑10]</div>
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The Court then applies these elements to the case at bar.
Asadabad in fact does possess all the qualities of a substantially permanent
U.S. base abroad, and thus falls within the ambit of § 7(9). First, as to size,
Asadabad is a substantial facility, covering about 25 acres with a 10‑foot mud
wall around it. Second, by the time Defendant arrived, U.S. forces had
controlled Asadabad for 18 months, thus suggesting a likelihood of permanent
control. Third, as to permanence and substance, U.S. forces improved and
fortified Asadabad by adding buildings, power generators, and plumbing. Fourth,
as further proof of permanence, the U.S. used Asadabad to conduct military
operations just as they would other facilities in Afghanistan and around the
world.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Citation: United States v. Passaro, 577 F.3d 207 (4th Cir.
2009).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
****
Patrick Michael Megaro is a partner at Halscott Megaro PA. His primary areas of practice are criminal defense, criminal appeals, post-conviction relief, civil appeals, and civil rights litigation. Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/patrick-michael-megaro; Attorney News at: https://attorneygazette.com/patrick-megaro%2C-esq#ab17a387-a757-4c0f-bc37-81f556fd15eaPatrick Megarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02510362694881363909noreply@blogger.com